Mattel Instructions
Mattel Instructions
Toy Story 3 Toys: The Best Toys to Encourage Imagination
Pixar have another hit on their hands with their latest release for 2010, Toy Story 3. Kids will love the film and will also love to bring a small part of the adventures home with them. Luckily there are a variety of Toy Story 3 toys for kids of all ages from trusted toy companies like Mattel, Fisher Price, Lego and Thinkway. Kids love to explore their own stories and use their favourite characters in new and imaginative ways. We take a look at the Toy Story 3 toys on the market most likely to inspire your child’s creativity.
Following on from the critically acclaimed and hugely successful first two films, the third Toy Story film brings the main cast of the films into a different environment. With Andy off to college, the toys are accidentally thrown away, ending up at Sunnyside Daycare center. Woody, Buzz, Jesse and the gang scheme to get back to Andy’s house but some of their new friends are reluctant to let them go. The following toys explore scenes from the film but allow your child to create their own stories as well.
Toy Story Lego
Without a doubt the biggest news in Toy Story 3 toys has to be the teaming up of Lego and Pixar to create both Duplo and regular Lego sets based around the Toy Story characters and scenes. If you are unfamiliar with Lego, they are the leader in construction building toys for boys and girls.
While the price point for Lego can be high these toys are made of hard plastic and so will last longer than most other plastic toys. In addition Lego is a creative toy that actively encourages children to imagine their own creations with the pieces at hand. A car can become a house or a spaceship, depending on the child’s vision and the pieces can adapt to any number of combinations.
Duplo is their junior line and, with age recommendations from ages 2-6, the Duplo range features larger bricks and fewer pieces per set. The regular Lego sets feature smaller and more varied pieces in larger sets for ages six and above.
Lego has released four Duplo sets to coincide with the release of Toy Story 3 and all feature 2 inch movable figures of some of the cast. Jesse’s Round Up (Set 5657 for $19.99) is a small set at 18 pieces and comes with Jesse, Bullseye and a small sheriff house structure. The iconic Pizza Planet Truck (Set 5658 for $19.99) is another small set with 13 pieces and comes with the truck, a fuelling station, Buzz Lightyear and a Little Green Alien.
Larger sets include the Great Train Chase with 39 pieces (set 5659 for $39.50) including a train engine, carriage and tunnel structure and the figures of Buzz, Woody and Jesse. This is a very fun set that recreates an exciting scene from the film and knowing how much kids love trains this is sure to be a popular set. The final Duplo set is Alien Space Crane (set 5691 for $39.99) and includes Woody, Buzz, a Little Green Alien, a crane and a garbage truck.
In the regular Lego range there are a number of highly playable sets for older Toy Story 3 fans. From smallest to largest the sets are:
Set 7789 Lotso’s Dump Truck ($19.99): A yellow dump truck, Lotso, Chunk and Stretch
Set 7598 Pizza Planet Truck Rescue ($39.99): Yellow delivery truck with Buzz, Rex, Hamm and a Little Green Alien
Set 7596 Trash Compactor Escape ($49.99): Conveyer Belt, Crane, Compactor, Lotso, Woody, Hamm and two Little Green Aliens
Set 7599 Garbage Truck Getaway ($49.99): A large garbage truck, Buzz, Jesse, Lotso and Twitch
Set 7597 Western Train Chase $79.99: Train Engine with Caboose, Passenger Car and Money car with Woody, Buzz, Rex, Bullseye, Hamm and Jessie.
Lego is one of the best educational toys on the market, encouraging not only the ability to concentrate and follow intricate instructions but also creativity with sets able to be taken apart and made into anything the child can imagine. If your child doesn’t have any Lego yet Toy Story 3 sets are a great place to start. You can find the sets at online suppliers like Amazon.
Toy Story 3 Mattel Toys
Mattel have made figures and playsets for all of the Toy Story films and this year they have integrated them into their Action Links series of interactive playsets which come with figures known as Buddy figures.
The small playsets all join together and interact with each other so your child can create a chain reaction of events in the order of their choosing. The small playsets retail for from $10.99 to $14.99 and include scenes such as Buzz Saves The Train, Jessie Saves The Day, Woody’s Train and more. There are also larger playsets including Sunnyside Breakout for $24.99 and Junkyard Escape playset which retails at $39.99 both of which can connect to the smaller sets.
The Buddy figures that accompany these sets are also sold in 3 packs for $11.99 so you needn’t purchase all the sets to get all the figures. The playsets are fun but may have a limited life for younger kids with a short attention span.
Mattel also make larger figures of Buzz, Woody, Jessie and Bullseye that have various interactive and action elements. The figures are approximately 12 inches tall while their Deluxe range of figures comes in at 7 inches.
Toy Story 3 Fisher Price Toys
Fisher Price have a whole range of Toy Story 3 toys available but some of the most exiting are part of their Imaginext range which incorporates action figures with vehicles and playsets, always fertile ground for imaginative kids. The playsets and vehicles include Tri-City Junkyard (which is cooler than it sounds!), Tri City Garbage Truck, a Buzz Lightyear spaceship and the Evil Dr. Porkchop’s Spaceship.
All feature the standard sized imaginext figures so can interact with other sets your child may have and are recommended for ages 3+. Their compatibility with other sets is a major boon, as figures from Toy Story 3 can interact with other Imaginext Fisher price figures like knights, dinosaurs and explorers.
Other Toy Story 3 Toys
Various other manufacturers have produced toys around the Toy Story 3 theme and the variety is endless. From ride on cars to dress up costumes there are is something for every fan. Hopefully though, this article has been able to show you a few of the best toys to let your child’s imagination soar.
About the Author
Inger loves stories and loves to write. As a librarian in a previous life she also has an insatiable thirst for general knowledge. You can visit her latest website which takes a look at the best shawls and wraps to add a touch of warmth and elegance to all occasions including beautiful evening shawl options.
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Wilton Golf Bag / Beer Mug / Holiday Yule Log / Cake Pan (2105-1836, 1987) Retired Collectible Happy wishes are in the bag! Ideal for birthdays, retirement, holidays, vacations and more…. |
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Wilton Birthday Barbie Cake Pan (2105-2551, 1992) Mattel The contouring of the pan outlines the form and provides a generous backing to hold the cake. Crafted of quality aluminum, this bakeware heats evenly and keeps interiors moist while allowing surfaces to gently brown. Lightweight yet durable, it also retains its shape and transfers detailing clearly to the food surface. When the party is over, the pan cleans easily so there’s less time spent in the… |
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Paula Deen 5 Quart Cast Iron Covered Oval Casserole $59.99 Unique Swirl Pattern, Designed To Cook And Entertain. Superior Heat Retention Food Remains Hot Throughout Meal. Spacious Solid Loop Handles Provide Secure Grip. Cover Included, Hand Wash…. |
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Fisher-Price Aquarium Bathtub $34.99 Bring the bright colors and excitement of an aquarium to your home with the Fisher-Price Aquarium Bathtub. This tub is sure to get your little one smiling. It’s a colorful, safe way to introduce your newborn to the bathtub, and can continue to be used as he or she grows into a toddler. This durable tub has a protective, cushiony sling that will cradle your newborn’s head, making them feel safe and… |
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Fisher-Price Bath Center … |
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Barbie I Can Be Vet Center $74.99 Includes pet care center, plush puppy, tweezers, stethoscope, cordless phone, IV drip with bandage cuff, blood pressure cuff, dental mirror, ear scope, scissors, and syringe…. |
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Barbie: Jet, Set & Style $15.81 You keep up on the latest trends in fashion, hair, nail color and makeup. Your inner fashionista has been recognized and there are cities all over the world that are waiting for your style expertise to turn Barbie’s friends into glamorous fashion and beauty models. Get ready for the unique opportunity to travel to exciting, exotic cities around the globe to Jet, Set and Style. … |
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Barbie Groom And Glam Pup $14.40 Barbie Groom and Glam Pups is a virtual pet game for Nintendo DS and DSi in which players groom, train, dress and show puppies in a high fashion game environment under the watchful eye of their in-game mentor, Barbie. The game features six available breeds of dog in puppy form selected for use in the game based on popularity and dramatic styling potential. Additional features include: realistic … |
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Barbie and 3 Musketeers $19.99 No description available for this title.Item Type: Video GamesItem Rating: EStreet Date: 11/03/09Wide Screen: noDirector Cut: noSpecial Edition: noLanguage: ENGLISHForeign Film: noSubtitles: noDubbed: noFull Frame: noRe-Release: noPackaging: Sleeve… |
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Power Wheels 12-Volt Rechargeable Battery $45.95 Fisher-Price Power Wheels 12-Volt Rechargeable BatteryThis 12-volt battery has been designed to fulfill rigorous Power Wheels requirements in order to provide the best possible performance, durability and maximum play time for Power Wheels vehicles. This battery is for use with: Fisher-Price Power Wheels Advanced Series vehicles with a 12V battery system only. It has an internal, self-resetting fu… |
Axial Definition Anatomy
Axial Definition Anatomy
Axial Rtc
Axial Rtc
Axial RTC
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Axial Racing AX10 1/10 Ready-to-Crawl Scorpion with 2.4GHz Radio $484.99 * Completely Ready-to-Crawl (RTC) out of the box * 70 of articulation and 68mm (2.7 ) of ground clearance * Mount a standard stick pack to get up and running quickly, or use the included upper link plate to mount smaller batteries lower in the chassis for improved crawling performance * 55T electric motor tear up the terrain in-door or out-doors. Easy Operation no tuning, no fuel, no loud exhaust … |
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Axial Racing RTR 1/10 SCX10 with Trail Honcho Body $584.99 The latest SCX10 is inspired by off-road vehicles that are basically part truck and part buggy, nicknamed “truggies”. The new Axial SCX10 is the kit to have when it comes to having a realistic looking truggy. Scale features such as the steel c-channel ladder frame, plastic molded cage, and plastic front bumper with aluminum skid plates are included in this kit. These are just a few of the features… |
Atomic Auto
Atomic Auto
If you had the chance to improve Grand Theft Auto Vice City’s soundtrack, how would you do it?
What songs would you add and remove? As my favourite stations are Emotion 98.3, Flash FM and Wave 103, I’ll concentrate my suggestions on these.
Emotion 98.3 (power ballads)
The Search is Over(Survivor) instead of Tempted(Squeeze)
Heaven by Bryan Adams instead of Wow(Kate Bush)
Flash FM(pop music)
Careless Whisper or Faith(George Michael) instead of Dancehall Days(Wang Chung)
Mad About You(belinda carlisle) instead of Japanese Boy
What You Need(INXS) replacing Falling Down the Mountain
Crazy Little Thing Called Love(Queen) instead of Call Me
Wave 103(New Wave)
Many songs should be replaced, except Pale Shelter, Atomic, Gold and Cars.
I’d suggest Karma Chameleon(Culture Club) Don’t You Forget About Me(Simple Minds) & King of Pain(The Police)
Your suggestions should be songs from the 1980-1986 period, as the game is set in 1986! (1987 at the most)
Anyway, I have to admit Rockstar Games did a damn good job with this soundtrack, great to hear those 1980s songs!
It’s fine the way it is. =D
http://answers.yahoo.com/question/index;_ylt=AhEvx3VZ8wBnbUXaRT0GSWzsy6IX;_ylv=3?qid=20071029212534AAXkfU4
Atomic Auto Kswap PeakBoost GT37R RHD JDM EG Civic
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Grand Theft Auto: Vice City, Vol. 2 – Wave 103 $11.98 Out of print in the U.S.! Second installment in this series of soundtracks to the Grand Theft Auto: Vice City video game. Presented by DJ Adam, this disc is jam-packed with great New Wave cuts by Frankie Goes To Hollywood, Tears For Fears, Human League, A Flock Of Seagulls and many others. Grand Theft Auto has become one of the most popular (and influental) gaming brands of all time. 20 tracks. So… |
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Honeywell RPLS540A ECONOSwitch Programmable Timer Switch, White $30.12 The Honeywell’s RPLS540A1002/U allows you to take complete control over your lights. Its three modes (manual, automatic, and random) help you conserve electricity while adding a level of safety and security to your home. This Honeywell ECONOSwitch programmable timer switch has both the flexibility of 7-day programming and the convenience of automatic sunrise / sunset activation. This unit works wi… |
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Intermatic ST01C White Self Adjusting Wall Switch Timer $33.00 0… |
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Oregon Gator Mulcher 3-N-1 Lawn Mower Blade For Toro 22-Inch Recycler 94-907 96-607 $10.95 BLADE, GM BLADE TORO 22IN… |
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Classic Physics Collection – Early Physics Films Explaining Atomic Energy, Measurements, Mechanics of Automobile Design, X-rays, Light Radiation, Electromagnetism and More $14.95 This collection of seven vintage physics films displays how the application of physics and and science in general has been shaping our world for decades. There are seven films in this collection with a total run time of 1 hour 25 minutes. Here are the films in this collection: 1) A is for Atom (1953) – This animated classic takes you on a tour of the |
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Sonic Boom Alarm Clock $25.00 Dual power and dual time features. Our SB200ss clock comes with a 110 volt power supply, will work with 220 volt transformers. Clock also has two switches one allowing user to switch from 50Hz 110 volts to 60Hz 220 volts. This feature keeps proper time with 110 or 220 volts. Another switch allow user to select 12/24 hour time…. |
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HoMedics SS-4510 Soundspa Auto Set Clock Radio with Time Projection, Grey $25.77 Indulge yourself in an intimate relaxation at home with a clock radiothat features 6 soothing nature sounds, alarm and the time display onthe ceiling in a soothing blue light…. |
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Oregon Scientific DS3868 3 in 1 Digital Camera, PC Webcam, Video Camera $14.95 Product MPN: MPN DS3868 Key Features: Weight 0.21 lb. Image Sensor Type What is “Image Sensor Type”? CMOS Resolution What is “Resolution”? 0.1 Megapixel Optical Zoom What is “Optical Zoom”? Without Optical Zoom Camera Type What is “Camera Type”? Standard Point and Shoot Lens: Interchangeable Lens What is “Interchangeable Lens”? Not Interchangeable Lenses Optical Zoom What is “Optical Zoom”? Withou… |
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Custom Accessories CU072100 Large Lighted Readout Clock $10.98 Large, Readout Clock, Bold, Easy To Read Display, Displays Month, Day, Hours & Minutes, Button Operated Back Light, AAA Battery Included, Adhesive Or Screw Mount Included…. |
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XADO 1 Stage Maximum atomic metal conditioner (Bottle, 225 ml) $54.95 Designed to restore, repair and protect engines direct during car operation. Innovative 3-component product of a new generation comprising advantages of two-phase complex metal conditioner and revitalizant of the third generation. RF=100 RF 100,0 stands for a complete revitalization cyc… |
Gas Rc Airplane Engines
Gas Rc Airplane Engines
Tips On Choosing The Correct Model Aircraft Engine
The first thing you want to consider when choosing a model aircraft engine is whether you want to use gas or electric. Gas has over the years being the only choice but with the latest technology, an electric model aircraft engine has become a very viable option. Today it is possible to get fantastic performance out of an electric motor.
A good place to start is the weight of your model plane. Anything for 500g to about 2.5 or 3 kgs is the range that you may want to consider flying electric rather than gas. Heavier than this the components like batteries get very expensive and heavy. Technology is changing at a rapid pace so it do not think this will always be the case.
Next thing that you may want to consider is the cost factor. Both the running costs as well as the purchase cost of your model aircraft engine. Electric engines are becoming cheaper on a daily basis and if you take into account the fact that they are very cost effective to run, then you have to have a serious look at an electric model aircraft engine before making your decision.
Now lets look at operational and practical differences between the two. Firstly gas can be very messy or even fall over in the boot of your car. They are also not the easiest to start sometimes and may need special equipment to protect your fingers from a nasty prop cut. Electric model engines, however start at the push of a button and they are not at all messy. The only disadvantage of electric is the LIPO battery that can be very dangerous, but more about that in another article.
So there you have a few tips to consider when choosing an engine for your RC plane.
About the Author
About The Author
Captain Des Werner is an Airline Pilot with many thousands of flying hours. As an Author and experienced pilot, he is at the forefront to provide solutions to cost effective ways of building strong RC model aircraft.
For more articles (or training) on Model Aircraft Engine options or to get your FREE Mini Course of how to build your own model RC airplane go to http://www.fly-strongmodelrcplanes.com.
RYOBI (EVRA) GAS RC AIRPLANE ENGINE
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Hobbyzone Champ RTF Airplane $88.99 Teach yourself to fly in your own backyard with the 3-channel HobbyZone® Champ RTF. With its compact size, durable construction, and gentle flight characteristics, the Champ takes the stress out of teaching yourself to fly…. |
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RC Airplane Air Earl Passenger Jet $43.69 BRAND NEW & MINT! This Remote Control Airplane is in mint condition and has never been removed from original package. Fly time: Approx. 15 – 20 minutes per charge. Dimensions: 25″ fuselage; 34″ wingspan… |
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32 RC Storm Engine PX-16 Racing Boat $54.81 Highly detailed features make this boat one of a kind. The Flying Fish racing Boat comes with a high performance 2 x 380 motors for super fast speeds and great maneuvering capabilities. Also, it has a 7.2v battery and charger! Measuring 32 inches long and featuring authentic and stylish detailing, this craft is perfect for pools, small ponds, rivers and lakes. Take this fully functional reproducti… |
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Model Jet Engines (Modeller’s World) $24.95 … |
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Gas Turbines for Model Aircraft $14.95 For the first time Kurt Schreckling’s Strahlturbine Book is now available in English. It explains how to build Kurt Schreckling’s turbojet motor, the FD3/64 containing full construction, photographs and working drawings…. |
Duratrax Evader St Upgrades
Duratrax Evader St Upgrades
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Duratrax Evader EXT2 1/10th Scale Stadium Truck $115.89 The four new trim schemes and the split 6-spoke wheels? Strictly for show. But everything else about the Evader EXT2 is strictly for “Go-go-go!” A Photon Speed 2 motor delivers the speed, a proven Sprint ESC provides precise control and treaded all-terrain tires put power to the ground anywhere you go. They’re all included…and like the metal-capped oil shocks and onboard gear for the Tactic 2-ch… |
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Evader EXT RTR $179.99 The DuraTrax Evader EXT Ready-To-Run Electric Stadium Truck is the perfect intro to off-road excitement! This truck is virtually ready to run right out of the box, all you will need to get it running is the eHobbies electric starter pack found in the required components. The Evader EXT is packed with many high performance options including a Photon Speed 2 motor, Sprint 2 electronic speed control,… |
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Graphite Upgrade Set Complete Evader ST … |
Gas Rc Warbirds
Gas Rc Warbirds
Getting Into Radio Control
Fancy yourself as a model flyer or as a model race car demon? Radio control hobbies are amongst the most addictive probably because of the adrenalin rush you get! The sheer buzz of landing that warbird safely or taking that corner at speed in your drift car is one you cannot help but want more of.
Radio control hobbies are varied from beautiful yachts gracefully sailed on lakes to gliders silently riding the air currents and on to screaming drift cars and even huge model jet airliners. The common trait being they are all controlled remotely from a handheld radio transmitter.
Radio control models have been around since the 1950′s and getting better all the time with advances in circuit technology and battery technology allowing more and more dependability and control. As transistor technology has miniaturized and chips have become cheaper more has been achievable at lower power requirements. Modern RC models use 2.4 gigahertz transmission systems making them less susceptible to interference from other radio sources.
Before you leap into a purchase however there are a few things to think about and clearly these vary with the particular flavor of RC you are smitten with.
The idea of getting airborne fast is an attractive one but without the right preparation and training it could well prove to be a short and expensive flight. It really is best to learn to fly with someone else, better still with an instructor who can start you off with a simulator before moving on to a buddy box system which is really a dual control system, one for you the student and one for the instructor to get you out of trouble.
Likewise with a radio controlled car – where are you going to use it without risking an expensive crash? There is absolutely no point in purchasing a screamer of a drift car without a deserted car park or basketball court to use it on. A monster truck on the other hand would be boring to use on such a surface, you need some rough ground for that baby.
Then you need to think whether electric or gas powered models are going to be right for you. They both have their pros and cons. Bear in mind gas powered models tend to be powerful and noisy but do require constant tuning. This is not as onerous as it sounds, just something to get used to. Electric models are quiet and lighter but batteries can be expensive, even allowing for the re-use you get with rechargeables.
The ability to get spares for your model should also be a factor in your decision making, no matter how careful you are you will have accidents and you will need spares!
Talk to other hobbyists before you make your choice and talk to your local hobby shop. The guys there are always looking to talk about their hobby because they’re fanatics themselves and they want to promote their hobby by bringing new recruits into the fold, the marvelous world of radio control.
About the Author
Aussies might like to check out the
radio control cars
or
radio control airplanes
at Hobby Heroes in Sydney, run by a dedicated hobbyist who likes nothing better than to help newcomers to the fold!
P-38 Lightning RC Warbird! Flight Review in HD! Banana Hobby!
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Radio Control P-51D Mustang RC 4 Channel Electric Airplane RTF $94.99 The P-51 is an American single seat fighter aircraft that fought alongside the allied air forces during World War II, becoming one of the most successful and recognized World War II airplanes. Used as a bomber escort, most P-51 took place over Germany, as the Allied forces battled over the airspace. In addition to being an agile fighter, the Mustang was incredibly fast, with a version powered by a… |
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F4U Corsair RTF $279.99 Fly a True American Classic with realistic 3-color trim scheme and scale details… |
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Focke-Wulf FW-190 ARF Balsa Wood Nitro Gas Remote Control RC Airplane (Color May Vary) $95.95 The original full size Focke-Wulf FW-190 was developed in Germany 1937. It soon became the best German fighter of World War II. It was the fastest and most dangerous fighter of its time. Now you can own a piece of history with this highly detailed replica reproduction. This is the new and exciting huge Focke-Wulf FW-190 Acrobatic ARF Nitro Gas RC Airplane. The FW-190 RC Airplane comes constructed … |
Axial Flow Pump Design
Axial Flow Pump Design
Air flow bench
Air pump
The pump used must be able to deliver the volume required at the pressure required. Most flow testing is done at 10 and 28 inches of water pressure (2.5 to 7 kilopascals). Although other test pressures will work, the results would have to be converted for comparison to the work of others. The pressure developed must account for the test pressure plus the loss across the metering element plus all other system losses. The greater the accuracy of the metering element the greater is the loss. Flow volume of between 100 and 600 cubic feet per minute (0.05 to 0.28 m/s) would serve almost all applications depending on the size of the engine under test.
Any type of pump that can deliver the required pressure difference and flow volume can be used. Most often used is the centrifugal dynamic type, which is familiar to most as a vacuum cleaner. Multistaged axial-flow fan types and positive displacement types (piston and rotary) could also be used with suitable provisions for dampening the pulsations. The pressure ratio of a single fan blade is too low and cannot be used.
Metering element
There are several possible types of metering element in use. Flow benches ordinarily use three types: orifice plate, venturi meter and pitot/static tube, all of which deliver similar accuracy. Most commercial machines use orifice plates due to their simple construction. Although the venturi offers substantial improvements in efficiency, its cost is higher
Instrumentation
Air flow conditions must be measured at two locations, across the test piece and across the metering element. The pressure difference across the test piece allows the standardization of tests from one to another. The pressure across the metering element allows calculation of the actual flow through the whole system.
The pressure across the test piece is typically measured with a U tube manometer while, for increased sensitivity and accuracy, the pressure difference across the metering element is measured with an inclined manometer. One end of each manometer is connected to its respective plenum chamber while the other is open to the atmosphere.
Ordinarily all flow bench manometers measure in inches of water although the inclined manometer’s scale is usually replaced with a logarithmic scale reading in percentage of total flow of the selected metering element which makes flow calculation simpler.
Temperature must also be accounted for because the air pump will heat the air passing through it making the air down stream of it less dense and more viscous. This difference must be corrected for. Temperature is measured at the test piece plenum and at the metering element plenum. Correction factors are then applied during flow calculations. Some flow bench designs place the air pump after the metering element so that heating by the air pump is not as large a concern.
Additional manometers can be installed for use with hand held probes, which are used to explore local flow conditions in the port.
Flow bench data
The air flow bench can give a wealth of data about the characteristics of a cylinder head or whatever part is tested.
The result of main interest is bulk flow. It is the volume of air that flows through the port in a given time. Expressed in cubic feet per minute or cubic meters per second/minute.
Valve lift can be expressed as an actual dimension in decimal inches or mm. It can also be specified as a ratio between a characteristic diameter and the lift L/D. Most often used is the valve head diameter. Normally engines have an L/D ratio from 0 up to a maximum of .35. For example a 1 inch diameter valve would be lifted a maximum of 0.350 inch. During flow testing the valve would be set at L/D .05 .1 .15 .2 .25 .3 and readings taken successively. This allows the comparison of efficiencies of ports with other valve sizes, as the valve lift is proportional rather than absolute. For comparison with tests by others the characteristic diameter used to determine lift must be the same.
Flow coefficients are determined by comparing the actual flow of a test piece to the theoretical flow of a perfect orifice of equal area. Thus the flow coefficient should be a close measure of efficiency. It cannot be exact because the L/D does not indicate the actual minimum size of the duct.
A real orifice plate showing how the fluid would actually flow
A theoretical orifice plate showing perfect flow which is used as a standard for comparing the efficiencies of real flows
An orifice with a flow coefficient of .59 would flow the same amount of fluid as a perfect orifice with 59% of its area or 59% of the flow of a perfect orifice with the same area (orifice plates of the type shown would have a coefficient of between .58 and .62 depending on the precise details of construction and the surrounding installation).
Valve/port coefficient is non dimensional and is derived by multiplying a characteristic physical area of the port and by the bulk flow figures and comparing the result to an ideal orifice of the same area. It is here that air flow bench norms differ from fluid dynamics or aerodynamics at large. The coefficient may be based on the inner valve seat diameter, the outer valve head diameter, the port throat area or the valve open curtain area. Each of these methods are valid for some purpose but none of them represents the true minimum area for the valve/port in question and each results in a different flow coefficient. The great difficulty of measuring the actual minimum area at all the various valve lifts precludes using this as a characterisc measurement. This is due to the minimum area changing shape and location throughout the lift cycle. Because of this non standardization, port flow coefficients are not “true” flow coefficients, which would be based on the actual minimum area in the flow path. Which method to choose depends on what use is intended for the data. Engine simulation applications each require their own specification. If the result is to be compared to the work of others then the same method would have to be selected.
Various characteristic measurements used to determine flow coefficients
Using extra instrumentation (manometers and probes) the detailed flow through the port can be mapped by measuring multiple points within the port with probes. Using these tools, the velocity profile throughout the port can be mapped which gives insight into what the port is doing and what might be done to improve it.
Of less interest is mass flow per minute or second since the test is not of a running engine which would be affected by it. It is the weight of air that flows through the port in a given time. Expressed in pounds per minute/hour or kilograms per second/minute. Mass flow is derived from the volume flow result to which a density correction is applied.
With the information gathered on the flow bench, engine power curve and system dynamics can be roughly estimated by applying various formulae. With the advent of accurate engine simulation software, however, it is much more useful to use flow data to create an engine model for a simulator.
Determining air velocity is a useful part of flow testing. It is calculated as follows:
For one set of English units * UNITS for SI or English are wrong, different results on conversion!-(The English formula is Verified correct. See ref.)
Where:
V = Velocity in feet per minute
H = Pressure drop across test piece in inches of water measured by the test pressure manometer
d = density of air in pounds per cubic foot (0.075 pound per cubic foot at standard conditions)
For SI units
Where:
V = Velocity in meters per second
H = Pressure drop across test piece in pascals measured by the test pressure manometer
d = density of air in kilograms per cubic meter (1.20 kilograms per cubic meter at standard conditions)
This represents the highest speed of the air in the flow path, at or near the section of minimum area (through the valve seat at low values of L/D for instance).
Once velocity has been calculated, the volume can be calculated by multiplying the velocity by the orifice area times its flow coefficient.
Limitations
A flow bench is capable of giving flow data which is closely but not perfectly related to actual engine performance. There are a number of limiting factors which contribute to the discrepancy.
Steady state flow vs dynamic flow
A flow bench tests ports under a steady pressure difference while in the actual engine the pressure difference varies widely during the whole cycle. The exact flow conditions existing in the flow bench test exist only fleetingly if at all in an actual running engine. Running engines cause the air to flow in strong waves rather than the steady stream of the flow bench. This acceleration/deceleration of the fuel/air column causes effects not accounted for in flow bench tests.
Comparison of flow bench test pressure to actual engine pressures predicted by an engine simulation program
This graph, generated with an engine simulation program, shows how widely the pressures vary in a running engine vs. the steady test pressure of the flow bench.
(Note, on the graph, that, in this case, when the intake valve opens, the cylinder pressure is above atmospheric (nearly 50% above or 1.5 bar or 150 kPa). This will cause reverse flow into the intake port until pressure in the cylinder falls below the ports pressure).
Pressure differential
The coefficient of the port may change somewhat at different pressure differentials due to changes in Reynolds number regime leading to a possible loss of dynamic similitude. Flow bench test pressure are typically conducted at 10 to 28 inches of water (2.5 to 7 kPa) while a real engine may see 190 inches of water (47 kPa) pressure difference.
Air only vs mixed gas/fuel mist flow
The flow bench tests using only air while a real engine usually uses air mixed with fuel droplets and fuel vapor, which is significantly different. Evaporating fuel passing through the port-runner has the effect of adding gas to and lowering the temperature of the air stream along the runner and giving the outlet flow rate slightly higher than the flow rate entering the port-runner. A port which flows dry air well might cause fuel droplets to fall out of suspension causing a loss of power not indicated by flow figures alone.
Bulk flow vs flow velocity
Large ports and valves can show high flow rates on a flow bench but the velocity can be lowered to the point that the gas dynamics of a real engine are ruined. Overly large ports also contribute to fuel fall out.
Even room temperature vs uneven high temperature
A running engine is much hotter than room temperature and the temperature in various parts of the system vary widely. This affects the actual flow, fuel effects as well as the dynamic wave effects in the engine which do not exist on the flow bench.
Physical and mechanical differences
The proximity, shape and movement of the piston as well as the movement of the valve itself significantly alters the flow conditions in a real engine that do not exist in flow bench tests.
Exhaust port conditions
The flow simulated on a flow bench bears almost no similarity to the flow in a real exhaust port. Here even the coefficients measured on flow benches are inaccurate. This is due to the very high and wide ranging pressures and temperatures. From the graph above it can be seen that the pressure in the port reaches 2.5 bar (250 kPa) and the cylinder pressure at opening is 6 bar (600 kPa) and more. This is many times more than the capabilities of a typical flow bench of 0.06 bar (6 kPa).
The flow in a real exhaust port can easily be sonic with choked flow occurring and even supersonic flow in areas. The very high temperature causes the viscosity of the gas to increase, all of which alters the Reynolds number drastically.
Added to the above is the profound effect that downstream elements have on the flow of the exhaust port. Far more than upstream elements found on the intake side.
It is for these reasons that most published information on exhaust port flow is vague. Particularly when concerning how much flow would be required in any given situation. Often quoted is that the exhaust should flow 60% of intake flow but this is only crude guesswork.
Summary
In spite of its limitations the flow bench, in skilled hands, still provides an excellent source of information to guide the engine designer/builder in deciding which modifications to apply to the ports and other components. They are also essential to provide accurate port flow coefficient data that is required for the use of engine simulation software. Together, the air flow bench and engine simulation software provide a powerful microscope to examine the detailed inner workings of running engines. Details which are impossible to view any other way.
Air flow benches are relatively inexpensive to buy and it is fairly simple to build a scientifically valid instrument for home use.
See also
Air flow meter
References
^ Fundamentals of Fluid Mechanics 4th Ed Munson Young -Wiley P514-515
^ Dwyer Air Velocity Instruments manual
External links
Free demo engine simulator used to generate graph above
Plans for a home built flow bench
Forums for those interested in the design and construction of flow benches
Categories: Engine tuning instruments | AerodynamicsHidden categories: Articles needing additional references from September 2007 | All articles needing additional references | Articles that need to be wikified from September 2009 | All articles that need to be wikified
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I am an expert from China Manufacturers, usually analyzes all kind of industries situation, such as microhardness tester , tablet hardness tester.
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