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Axial Anatomy Neck

Axial Anatomy Neck

Help with Anatomy & Physiology needed!?

Okay, hola, I need a little help with Anatomy and Physiology:
1.) What’s the portion, that contains head, neck and trunk, called?

2.) What portion are the arms and legs?

3.) What are the major cavities of the axial portion called?

4.) Where are the peritoneal membranes located?

5.) The visceral and parietal pleural membranes secrete a serous fluid into a potential space called the _______ ____________????

Sooo I’m not in med school or anything, still in High School and I can’t find that in my book so I’m freaking out a little…
Thanks I’m happy about anyone who can help me!

Hope this is what you need. HS level A&P may not need this much info….
1. Axial portion, as in the axial skeleton This is also referred to as body “regions” which are defined as the thorax and abdomen regions.
2. These are part of the Appendicular Skeleton system. Also, referred to as the upper extremity (2) and the lower extremity (2) regions.
3. The posterior (dorsal) cavity includes the cranial and vertebral cavities which house the brain and spinal cord. The anterior (ventral) cavity include the thoracic, abdominal cavities specific to the axial skeleton and contains all the visceral organs..
4. These are called Peritoneum. They line the wall of the abdominal cavity.
5. Peritoneal cavity. Most of the digestive organs are located in this cavity.

Look in the back of your book, in the index. These terms should be there, even if not in the chapter you’re studying exactly (just like the axial portion versus axial skeleton) etc. Good luck!!

Neck Pain: Cervical Spine & Disc Anatomy

Atlas of Human Cross-Sectional Anatomy: With CT and MR Images $376.05 Atlas of Human Cross-Sectional Anatomy Third EditionDonald R. Cahill, Ph.D., Matthew J. Orland, M.D., and Gary M. Miller, M.D.Since its first publication a decade ago, Atlas of Human Cross-Sectional Anatomy has become a standard reference for the interpretation of sectional images obtained with either computed tomography or magnetic resonance imaging. Now, this Third Edition has been substantially…

Validating Medical Supply Requirements for Emergent and Routine Care Aboard General Medical Officer (GMO) Platforms $26.95 This is a NAVAL HEALTH RESEARCH CENTER SAN DIEGO CA report procured by the Pentagon and made available for public release. It has been reproduced in the best form available to the Pentagon. It is not spiral-bound, but rather assembled with Velobinding in a soft, white linen cover. The Storming Media report number is A311124. The abstract provided by the Pentagon follows: To maintain force readines…

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Mattel Press Release

Mattel Press Release

ATTACK OF THE CELL PHONE ZOMBIES

“Zombies. man. They creep me out.” -Dennis Hopper in the Land Of The Dead.

Book Excerpt:

By William Thomas

They are everywhere.

And they are winning.

Walk down virtually any metropolitan street, if you still dare, and you will discern with a jolt of alarm that no one around you is aware of each other’s presence or their surroundings as they shuffle past with the shambling gait of automatons. Hearing blocked by blaring or blathering headsets, heads bent over cell phones, iPods, palm pilots, multimedia players, text messagers and other hypnotic gadgetry, these walking dead with their vacant stares are so far departed from the reality around them they don’t even know they’re gone.

Cell phone zombies are proliferating everywhere. Spread by the most virulent contagion on Earth – the lust to own and continuously jack into wireless technology – addictive endorphin jolts sent by cell phones to the brain threaten agonizing withdrawal, even as their invisible emanations attack the frontal lobes, short-circuiting memory, awareness and cognitive thought.

Succumbing to the identical marketing strategies marshaled by the same advertising agencies pushing tobacco onto children, hordes of cell phone zombies as young as four-years-old are replacing normal human relationships with the cold calculus of truncated text messages, while disturbing their sonic space and interrupting conversations with friends and spouses to jabber with ghosts who are not even present, even as they spread the blight of their second hand microwaves among the last pockets of cell phone resistance.

Unlike the flesh-munching ghouls depicted in Hollywood horror flicks, which die and “reanimate” through the transmission of the Solanum virus through a usually gruesome exchange of bodily fluids, “voodoo zombies” are created by potions and spells cast by Haitian hougnan priests. 

“Zombie powder,” as Max Brooks notes in his essential ZOMBIE Survival Guide, “contains a very powerful neurotoxin” not unlike the pervasive brain-eating chemicals added to food, soft drinks and other drugs – including (as we have seen elsewhere in this book) fluoride, aspartame and mercury. Separately and in combination, these insidious compounds are synergistically activated by pulsating electromagnetic emissions that mimic and override normal cellular functioning to destroy brain neurons and turn people into zombies.

Held entranced as their life force is leached away by devices eerily similar in size and shape to the voodoo dolls used to cast curses, cell phone zombies are especially dangerous, because unlike real Solanum-inducted zombies incapable of expressing feelings or speech, cell phone zombies can appear nearly normal when not jacked in. A real zombie, when it encounters you, “will home in like a smart bomb,” Brooks explains, and start gnawing your face. A cell phone-voodoo zombie “will take a moment to try to figure out who or what you are.”

Smiling a reflexive, unfelt apology for their intrusion – even “growling if hurt or provoked” as Brooks describes – many cell phone zombies “understand words; some even understand simple sentences [and] possess the ability to speak – simply, of course – and rarely for extended conversations.”

TILL DEATH DO YOU APART
While not known to devour human flesh like “real” zombies, their mindless preoccupation with themselves, slavish fixation on meaningless distractions, and complete disregard for their rapidly deteriorating ecologic, economic and Constitutional environment threaten to spill from the worst zomboid infestations in the United States across the entire globe.

Certainly, the carnage caused by their mindless wars against non-threatening nations on which American zombies project their paranoia is consuming bone and gristle, hopes and dreams by the boxcar loads. With more than one million people – mostly children – killed in Iraq since 2003 by zombie-like GIs hopped up on anti-malarial pills and Dexedrine, fear, stress, exhaustion and the potent spells of patriotism and “revenge” for non-existent crimes, America’s blindly-following zombie legions are as dangerous to any country they overrun as the horrors described by Brooks in his best-selling account of the zombie wars. [World War Z]

CELL PHONE CARNAGE
Still, innocent bystanders and drivers can be at grave risk from deranged zombies talking on their cell phones while operating heavy fast-moving vehicles.

In cities that have not yet disarmed cell phone-brandishing drivers, the resulting daily carnage is as gory as any scene out of “Night Of The Living Dead”. Stunned by an additional $4 billion a year in claims for drivers using cell phones, North American insurers discovered that juggling phones while driving is not causing a 600% increase in accidents. Other drivers busy shaving, applying makeup, tuning radios, taming pets, pouring coffee, eating meals, retrieving dropped cigarettes, talking to passengers or attempting various sexual gymnastics are even more preoccupied.

Cell phones are much worse than lmerely dangerous driving distractions. Tests conducted by the U.S. Department of Energy found that using a cellphone turns drivers into zombies, severely impairing their memories and reaction times by disrupting signals to and within their brains. Hands-free mobile phones cause even more crashes because they typically emit 10-times more brainwave interference than handheld units.

Phoning from inside a car or truck is a bad call for everyone in the vehicle – especially children – because the surrounding steel structure amplifies cellphone emissions. The UK House of Commons Science and Technology Committee reports, “using a mobile phone in a vehicle can accelerate radiation levels by up to 10-fold due to resonance effect.”

For all drivers dialing out, Swiss researchers have found “changes of brain function induced by pulsed high-frequency electromagnetic fields outlast the exposure period.” University of Toronto investigators report that the heightened probability of cracking up your car persists for up to a half-hour after completing a call.

That’s comparable to the risk of crashing while driving dead drunk exclaims Dr. Chris Runball, chairman of the B.C. Medical Association’s emergency medical services committee.

“Talking on a cell phone makes you drive like a retiree even if you’re only a teen,” reports the University of Utah, after finding that when motorists as young as 18 talk on their cell phones, “they drive like elderly people, moving and reacting more slowly and increasing their risk of accidents.” Only hands-free phones were used in the study.

“If you put a 20-year-old driver behind the wheel with a cell phone, his reaction times are the same as a 70-year-old driver,” says David Strayer, a University of Utah psychology professor and principal author of the study. “It’s like instant aging.” (Except studies have shown older, more experienced drivers are much more cautious – and safer – than testosterone-addled teens.) [AP Feb 2/05; Human Factors Winter/05]

Cell phone users are also as impaired as alcoholics. The quarterly journal Human Factors and Ergonomics Society reports that motorists talking on cell phones are actually more impaired than drunk drivers with blood-alcohol levels exceeding 0.08. It doesn’t matter whether the phone is hand-held or hands free.

EM engineer Alasdair Philips of Britain’s Powerwatch looked for people under age 40 using cell phones more than four hours a day, and found them already retired as “unfit for future work” due to early onset dementia. Philips says, “I would rate over four hours per day cell-phone use as potentially as dangerous as drinking a bottle of spirits per day – only it will damage the user’s brain function rather than kidney function, and we don’t yet have brain transplants.”

SAFETY TIP: Protect yourself from zombies operating motor vehicles! If you are driving and spot someone using a cell phone in a vehicle nearby, pull off the road and seek cover as soon as it is safe to do so. Or maneuver behind that driver and increase your distance accordingly. Do not open fire. “Self-defense” is not yet a legal defense for shooting drivers wielding cell phones.

PHONING FETUSES
If infants are born zombies, we are doomed. In the world’s most extensive, government-funded report on cell phone radiation, biomedical expert Dr. Stan Barnett described cell phone radiation effects on fetal tissue. After its release in June 1994 by a reluctant Australian government, the Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO) described laboratory tests as far back December 1974 showing how neurons in the soft skulls of developing fetuses are extremely sensitive to heat during the process of cell division.

“The mother’s pelvic structure promotes deep RF radiation penetration and that radiation can be absorbed within the developing embryo or fetus,” Dr. Barnett warned. The womb’s saline fluid is also highly conductive to Radio Frequencies and microwaves – and the EMF-conductive human body is 65% water-by-weight. [CSIRO June 1994; irf.univie.ac.at/emf]]

Whether cell phone radiation cooks the baby’s brain or destroys its rapidly dividing brain cells through microwave radiation, “the resulting neural deficit may not be restored,” Dr. Barnett found. Perhaps not wanting to terrify the public, he neglected to add that this fetal brain damage from cell phones could easily lead to zombification. But he did add that though the fetus may continue to develop and appear normal, her brain functioning may be reduced for life. [EMFacts Consultancy Mar 26/03]

PhD Robert Kane points to corroborative research showing that all fetuses “showed growth retardation from cell phone exposure” – with female offspring exhibiting the highest risk of “impaired learning ability.” When we recall that cell phone zombies speak largely in clichés, corporate jingles and broken sentences we can see how insidiously far-reaching this process has already gone.

Associated Bioelectromagnetics Technologists findings also show that RF exposure from cell phones and cell phone relay towers “is wholly correlated with the repeatedly documented increased incidence of autism – now reported by at least some researchers as greater than 1 per 100 newborn.”

God have mercy on us all. If one in a hundred infants are not actually autistic but hard-to-differentiate zombies – we may find ourselves overwhelmed within another generation.

TOASTED TOTS
No one saw it coming. At first a cumbersome novelty, then a faddish convenience, the turning point in the zombification of humanity came in 2006, when corporate hougnan witch doctors casting microwaves began targeting the newborn. Already brain damaged by forced mercury injections in multiple infant vaccines, these newly arrived humans were taken home and bathed in electromagnetic smog invisibly spread by wireless routers, portable phones and intercom “sentries” placed in close proximity to their cribs.

The next step in their zombification came in putting cuddly “kiddy” phones capable of speed-dialing grandma and grandpa into the grasping hands of four year-olds. Soon, humans just out of the womb will no doubt be taking congratulatory calls at their mother’s breasts.

Some of us tried to resist. The MO1 developed by the toy company Imaginarium and telcom giant Telefónica in Spain prompted parental groups across Europe to demand a government ban on inflicting cell phones on children. Jóvenes Verdes, an environmental advocacy group for young Spanish persons, denounced the mobile telephone industry for “acting like the tobacco industry by designing products that addict the very young.”

In Paris, where the curvy crimson-and-blue MO1 “beginner” mobile phone for 6-year-olds has overcome defenders by promising “peace of mind” – or maybe no mind at all – the French health minister has issued a public warning against “excessive” mobile phone use by young children. “I believe in the principle of precaution,” muttered Monsieur Bachelot. “If there is a risk, then children with developing nervous systems would be affected. I’ve alerted parents about the use of mobile telephones because it’s absurd for young children to have them.”

Also concerned about the zombification of the young, Frank Barnes, a professor of engineering at the University of Colorado who led a study showing that children are at special risk from cell phones, told the press: “This clearly is a population that is going to grow up with a great deal of larger exposure than anybody else because the kids use the phones all the time.”

TARGETING CHILDREN
Responding to relentless advertising spells and giveaways, the age of cell phone users continues to drop as fast as their IQ and attention span. In 2007, the average age of first-time “users” was 10. Within the next two years, International Data Corp forecasts the 9-and-under market will rack up an additional $1.6 billion in revenue for cell phone companies – and add another nine million child zombies in the United States alone.

Despite desperate rear-guard stands, the last holdouts against child zombification in the European Union are crumbling. As Dorjeen Carvajal reports, “Telephone use is also getting more precocious in Europe, according to a Eurobarometer survey of almost 1,000 children in 29 countries, most of whom had telephones after age 9.”

The mobile telephone industry “is reaching deeper into saturated markets to tap customers with chubby hands capable of cradling both dolls and phones,” Carvajal comments. As cell phone users in their ‘tweens and teens drive subscriber- growth everywhere, International Data Corp projects that by 2010, 31 million children could become zombies from holding miniature microwave ovens to their vulnerable soft brain tissue.

Targeting the youth market for zombification is especially cynical because children treat their microwave phones like a doudou or stuffed animal companion, the French mobile phone trade association AFOM revealed after surveying the habits of children too young to discriminate against dangers proffered by adults they trust.

Cell phone-toting tots also spend more of their parent’s money on the latest games, ring tones and wallpapers – and teens chatter even more than adults on their cell phones, greatly increasing cell phone company profits. Not to mention their own risks of developing allergies, senility, cataracts, learning disabilities, hyper activity disorders and brain tumors. [Intl Herald Tribune Mar 7/08]

Brain-damaging cell phone exposure continues through childhood. A 1996 study probing the “Electromagnetic Absorption in the Human Head and Neck for Mobile Telephones at 835 and 1900 MHz,” conducted by the fabulously named Dr. Om Gandhi showed electromagnetic radiation from cell phones “coupling” even more alarmingly with the electrically active brains of children, than through the thicker carapaces of cumulatively compromised adults.

“I didn’t know at the time industry was targeting children as the next growth segment. Boy, they really got after me,” Dr. Gandhi says, after he found that the thinner outer ears and skulls of children allow more energy from their cell phones to short-circuit delicate brain tissue. “The reason industry doesn’t like it,” Gandhi explains – “They don’t want to lose this part of the market.” [IEEE Transactions of Microwave Theory and Techniques Oct/96]

“We’re pretty bullish on increased usage by teenagers,” exudes Adam Guy, a senior analyst at the Strategist Group. “Usage penetration is exploding.”

So is brain penetration. Guy’s gushing followed yet another study – this one published in the Journal of Cellular Biochemistry – found that heavy cell phone use can cause brain cancer and other diseases in children, as well as adults by interfering with DNA repair

Speaking directly to cell phone zombification and death, Dr. Theodore Litovitz, a biophysicist and professor emeritus of physics at Catholic University, explains: “Because stress proteins are involved in the progression of a number of diseases, heavy daily cell-phone usage could lead to great incidence of disorders such as Alzheimer’s and cancer.” [Reuters Apr 23/08; wirelessconsumers.org Dec03/01]

A ZOMBIE CASE HISTORY
In Claysburg, Pennsylvania, Greg Pozgar resisted buying a mobile phone for his then 12-year-old daughter, Morgan. “My biggest concern was whether my children were responsible enough to handle it,” he said.

No one told him to worry about its emanations.

After receiving her first cell phone as a Christmas gift that year, young Morgan went on to become a champion of text messaging at age 13 in a national $25,000 competition organized by the electronics manufacturer LG. This is the company that in 2007 made Europe’s “fashion handset of choice” by offering a “Chocolate phone” featuring an advanced touchscreen interface, instead of conventional keypad. [techdigestuk.typepad.com]

Competing Motorola’s V220′s Tri-Band promises “network connection” between zombies-under-construction in countries becoming saturated in brain numbing electrosmog. The “stylish” V220 offers chic brain damage, exciting car crashes, no-fear-of-pregnancy sterility or classic cancer – in pink.

After hesitating over heath concerns, Disney has also jumped into the kiddy cell phone sweepstakes. Mattel markets a Barbie cell phone for girls 8 to 14. “Nine-year-old Trey Chapman loves the cool design, flashing lights and big buttons – one for mom and one for dad,” chuckled USA Today. How well Ms. Chapman will enjoy her daughter’s reduced learning ability, asthma and other potentially debilitating maladies was not mentioned. [USA Today Mar 14/05]

Verizon has also responded with its popular “parent capable” LG VX8300. The “Chaperone” cell phone puts the “home” in Homeland Security. Now parents can harass their kids with text messages while tracking them through GPS satellite locators built into their continuously radiating cell phones. Every time a young family member enters or leaves an electronically designated “Child Zone”, participating parents receive automated text messages informing them of their child’s movements – “So you can relax wherever you are.” [verizonwireless.com; Intl Herald Tribune Mar 7/08]

Whether this home surveillance puts a crimp in the sexually transmitted diseases currently afflicting one in four American teenage girls, or their nearly one-in-three pregnancies before the age of 20 remains to be seen. [Reuters Apr 23/08]

The good news and the bad news is that cigarettes are being replaced by mobile phones. Unable to afford both addictions, teen smoking fell off sharply in 1996 – the same year mobile phone use skyrocketed among 15- to 17-year-olds. And no wonder, since cell phones are marketed by the same ad agencies using the same self-image come-ons that attracted teens to cigarettes – a sense of individuality and sociability, a desire to rebel, the need to bond with friends.
[British Medical Journal Nov 4/00]

Totally hooked, Morgan now sends and receives up to 7,000 text messages a month.

AVOIDANCE THE ONLY DEFENCE
After the Spanish Neuro Diagnostic Research Institute in Marbella discovered that a call lasting just two minutes can alter the natural electrical activity of a child’s brain for up to an hour afterwards, Spanish doctors now fear that disturbed brain activity in children will lead to zombie-like impaired learning ability, as well as psychiatric and behavioural problems.

Brain scans allowed Dr. Michael Klieeisen’s team to see what is happening to the brains of cell phone users. “We never expected to see this continuing activity in the brain,” he told the European press in new stories blacked out in the U.S. “We are worried that delicate balances that exist – such as the immunity to infection and disease – could be altered by interference with chemical balances in the brain.”

The study coincided with a survey showing 87% of 11- to 16-year-olds own cell phones, with 40% of them spending 15 minutes or more talking on them every day. A troubling 70% said they would not change the use of their phone even if advised to by the government.

A British government adviser on mobiles, Dr. Gerald Hyland, finds the results “extremely disturbing.” Parents who believe they are enhancing their children’s safety and social standing by sending them back to school with cellphones could be impairing their health and ability to learn, Dr. Hyland warns. “The results show that children’s brains are affected for long periods even after very short-term use. Their brain wave patterns are abnormal and stay like that for a long period. This could affect their mood and ability to learn in the classroom if they have been using a phone during break time, for instance.”

These same altered brain waves “could lead to things like a lack of concentration, memory loss, inability to learn and aggressive behaviour.”

He could be describing zombies!

“There really isn’t a safe amount of mobile phone use,” Dr. Hyland continues. We don’t know what lasting damage is being done by this exposure. If I were a parent I would now be extremely wary about allowing my children to use a mobile even for a very short period. My advice would be to avoid mobiles.” [Mirror Dec 26/01]

AN OCEAN APART
It’s not like nobody knows how dangerous cell phones are. Perhaps because of earlier unpleasant experiences with vampires, European governments are intensely studying the effects of cell phones on otherwise normal humans. So far, their scientists have found everything from nervousness and headaches to brain tumors and even genetic damage resulting from cell phone radiation. [Independent Mar 30/08]

Led by Sir William Stewart, the famous British biochemist and president of the British Association for the Advancement of Science biomedical specialists, the Stewart Inquiry report on “Mobile Phones and Health” was released in April 2000. At a science conference in Glasgow, Sir William urged mobile phone makers to stop presenting their products as essential “back to school” items for children, whose easily penetrated skulls and longer lifetime use makes them particularly vulnerable to Radio-Frequency (RF) and microwave (MW) cell phone radiation. Sir William told the press he would not allow his grandchildren to use mobile phones. [Journal of the Australasian College of Nutritional & Environmental Medicine Sept /01]

In Sweden, where cell phones are being marketed to 5-year-olds, Olle Johansson, Associate Professor of Neuroscience at the Karolinska Institute in Stockholm declares: “Parents should take their children away from that technology.” [Dialing Our Cells by William Thomas]

In an interview in the Berlin Morgenpost, Wolfram Koenig, head of the Bundesamt für Strahlenschutz – the federal authority for radiation protection in Germany – urged companies not to target children in their advertising campaigns.

Dr. Gro Harlem Brundtland, director general of the World Health Organisation, also told a major Norwegian newspaper that children should be discouraged from using mobile phones. The former Norwegian prime minister and popularizer of “sustainability” is also a licensed physician with a degree in public health. Making shorter calls does not help, Brundtland emphasized. [Microwave News Mar-Apr/02; Dagbladet Norge Mar 9/02]

France, Germany and the European Environment Agency also advise “minimal” handheld and hands-free cell phone use. But the Irish Doctors Environmental Association says flatly that young children should be stopped from using mobiles.
The Irish point to zombie-like side-effects from cell phone radiation, including excessive clumsiness, fatigue, confusion, tingling and dizziness. [Independent Mar 30/08; Irish News Feb 9/05]

Back across the Atlantic, where one in three teenagers uses a cell phone, “There is no research being done in the United States at the present time,” Dr. Ghandi laments. “All of that research has been stopped because of industry.”

Dr. Ghandi says this violates both the 1969 National Environmental Policy Act and the mandate of the Federal Communication Commission, which regulates RF transmitters on behalf of the industry. His latest heavy-duty paper – Thermal Implications of the New Relaxed IEEE RF Safety Standard for Head Exposures to Cellular Telephones at 835 and 1900 MHz – compares the relaxed RF exposure standards set by an American advisory group called the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers to standards now followed by the European Union.

Gandhi helped establish those regulations. As he explains, in the United States “these days in the committee (that sets the standards), one co-chair is from Motorola and the other is from the Navy, the military-industrial establishment, and they are suddenly loosening their standards. I compared the three standards to show the new standards are out of line. Too loose.” [Uncensored (NZ) Nov 9/06]

HEAVY CASUALTIES SOON COME, MON?
If tobacco companies dared employ the same sophisticated neural “programming” techniques to sell cigarettes to toddlers as cell phone manufacturers do by using the same marketing firms – they would face a lynch mob. But by inflicting devices recently denounced by a leading cancer researcher as injurious as smoking on the very young, mobile manufacturers are turning the public into compliant, brain dead zombies.

And maybe just plain dead, as well.

Just-released findings by award-winning cancer expert, PhD Vini Khurana predict that cell phones will kill far more people than either smoking or asbestos. Smoking continues to cull some five million people worldwide every year, while asbestos exposure in England continues to claim as many corpses as road accidents.

After carefully reviewing more than 100 clinical studies showing that using “hands free” and regular cell phones for 10 years or more can double the risk of brain cancer, the very capable Khurana – who has received 14 awards while publishing more than three dozen scientific papers over the past 16 years – concludes that malignant brain tumours resulting from cell phone use constitute “a life-ending diagnosis” for hapless users who now find themselves in an “unchecked and dangerous situation.”

Professor Kjell Mild, of Orbero University, Sweden, who is a Government adviser and led the research, said that children should not be allowed to use mobile phones because their thinner skulls and developing nervous system made them particularly vulnerable. He and Professor Lawrie Challis, who led the MTHR research, want a revision of the emission standard for mobiles and other sources of radiation, which they describe as “inappropriate” and “not safe”. [London Telegraph Oct 9/07]

Professor Khurana has become a Big Kahuna in the war against cell phone zombification after placing his considerable reputation behind the most damning indictment of cell phones to date. He warns emphatically: “Unless the industry and governments take immediate and decisive steps, the incidence of malignant brain tumours and associated death rate will be observed to rise globally within a decade from now – by which time it may be much too late to medically intervene.”
[Independent Mar 30/08]

PROCESS OF ELIMINATION
It may already be too late.

A recent poll of 1,286 cellphone users has found that one in four cannot imagine life without their cell phone. The question remaining unasked is if they can imagine their lives continuing unimpaired with it.

Four in 10 people, particularly young adults, make cell phone calls to kill time as well as themselves, when traveling or waiting for someone they will invariably ignore. “We’ve got everything on my phone,” boasts Mark Madsen, a 24-year-old college student from Chattanooga, Tennessee. “I use it mostly for the phone, but I also play video games and use the MP3 player. I pretty much use it all the time.”

Like addicts everywhere, more than one in three cell phone subscribers say they are occasionally “stunned” by their user bills. Nevertheless, an increasing number of homes are speeding the zombification of their inhabitants by going completely wireless, with no landline at all. Public pay phones are also being removed, making it ever harder to avoid being owned by a brain-stunting cell phone.

This is good news for political leaders desiring a compliant populace for policies involving genocide, torture and concentration camps. It is also a boon to an illness industry feeding off human misery. On a New Zealand news show, Dr. George Carlo called marketing strategies aimed at children, “grotesque” after identifying as many as 50,000 new cases of brain and eye cancer attributable to cell phone use being diagnosed every year. (Mobile users who wear metal-frame glasses intensify the exposure to their eyes and heads). [IsraCast Technology News July 29/05]

Based on current epidemiological studies, that number will reach half a million cell phone cancer cases annually within the next two years.

WRONG ANSWERS
“We have never had this kind of impending risk to society,” Dr. Carlo says. After heading a $28 million cell phone study from 1993 through 2001, his finding – “that RF causes genetic damage” was welcomed by his cell phone industry sponsors.

Jerry Phillips worked with Ross Adey on similar research funded by Motorola beginning in 1991. After Adey came to similar conclusions as Carlo, “Motorola was adamant that Adey never mention DNA damage and radiofrequency radiation in the same breath,” Phillips recounts. [WSW July 11/02; wirelessconsumers.org Dec03/01]

More than two decades ago, EMF researcher Alan Frey also wondered if headaches experienced by radio and radar operators – and now widely reported by cellphone users worldwide – were resulting from microwave-induced leakage of toxic molecules through the blood-brain barrier. “Headaches may only be the most obvious indicator of what is going on biologically,” Frey warned back in the mid-1980s.

Studying blood-brain barrier changes since the late 1980s, neurologist Leif Salford of Lund University in Sweden is the leading expert in this research. “With improved detection procedures and new tracers, one of his most recent studies found changes in the rat brain chemistry after only two minutes of cellphone-level exposures; the rats’ blood-brain barrier had failed, allowing proteins to enter the brain, and it is known that certain proteins which are normally present in blood, can cause nerve damage in the brain,” writes Aussie cellphone rsearcher and reporter Stewart Fist. 

Professor Darius Leszcynski headed up the first two-year program looking at the effects of mobile phone radiation on human cells rather than those of rats at Finland’s Radiation and Nuclear Safety Authority. He, too found that cell phone transmissions open the blood-brain barrier to potentially brain-damaging toxins in the blood. [WSW July 11/02]

“We think we are on to something very significant,” Professor Salford says. “It seems that molecules such as proteins and toxins can pass out of the blood, while the phone is switched on, and enter the brain. We need to bear in mind diseases such as MS and Alzheimer’s are linked to proteins being found in the brain.”

So, he added, is Parkinson’s Disease. [Electronics Australia Magazine Feb/00]

Alzheimer’s mental and memory impairment, and the jerky motions of Parkinson’s are telltale zombie symptoms.

PROTECT THE MACHINES
“There is no proof that cellular telephones can be harmful,” insist already infected FCC zombies on their “Kidszone” website. Blithely ignoring hundreds of alarming clinical studies, the Federal Communications Commission offers reassuring “Cell Phone FAQs” before going on to advise:

“Some of the places that you should never use your mobile phone are inside hospitals and airplanes. When you make or receive calls, electromagnetic waves are sent through the air. Hospitals have a lot of electronic devices that monitor patient’s heartbeats and other things when they are getting surgery or when they are recovering from an illness. When electromagnetic waves try to go through them, the devices sometimes stop working.”

The FCC does not say what happens when a much more subtle and sensitive instrument called the human brain is exposed to “electromagnetic waves… sent through the air”. [fcc.gov]

LOST CONTACT
Max Brooks, best-selling chronicler of the first Zombie World War, informs us that “nzúmbe” is a Kimbundu, West African word for a dead person’s soul. “So what makes this living human a zombie?” Brooks asks. “The answer is simple: brain damage.” [World War Z]

Few things damage brains as severely as chronic exposure to cell phone radiation. Leif Salford is concerned that spreading wireless technology is “drowning people in a sea of microwaves.” Speaking directly to the threatened zombification of the entire human population, Salford says brain neurons that would normally not become senile until people reached their 60’s, are doing so now when people reach their 30’s because of cell phone exposure. [RFSafe.com Nov26/03]

Children and teens who become hooked on cell phones face a lifetime of learning disabilities, hyperactivity, high risk from driving accidents, greatly increased acute and chronic asthma, hearing loss, vision loss, sleep disorders and cancers – as well as classic symptoms of zombification, including loss of social skills, inability to think and reason clearly, loss of contact with their surroundings.

Faced with hard-to-detect zombies in their own ranks, alarmed British military scientists have discovered that every cell phone transmission disrupts brain functioning responsible for memory and learning. “Overuse” can cause forgetfulness and sudden confusion, as well as loss of the ability to concentrate, calculate and coordinate. [India Tribune Sept 17/04]

A leading Lloyd’s of London underwriter refuses to insure phone manufacturers against the risk of subscribers developing cancer. The world’s most prestigious insurer also fears even more claims arising from zombified cell phone users who develop early onset Alzheimer’s. [Observer Mar11/99]

NO MORE KIDS?
The coming cell phone cancer plague could terminate the cell phone zombie threat. But the cost to societies will be far greater than tobacco-related deaths. With more than 2 billion people – including at least 500 million children – using cell phones at present, the coming die-back of habitual cell phone users threatens the ability of nations to cope with bankrupt medical systems and overflowing hospitals and hospices. How will the trains – and everything else – run on time during socially dizzying disruptions caused by the sudden loss of key executives, city managers, government bureaucrats, tradespeople, professionals, as well as busy NGOs and activists to brain damage, electromagnetic sensitivity as acute as chemical sensitivities, and debilitating cancer?

RF/MW signals currently under discussion for inflicting on wireless classrooms throughout North America and the overdeveloped world will operate in the 2.4 GHz frequency range. This should do it. Because this cell-disrupting power density is two to three times higher than current cell phones. If schoolchildren survive this onslaught, plans are already underway to boost classroom radiation levels with “upgraded” technology emitting an even more lethal 5 GHz frequency range.[www.irf.univie.ac.at/emf]

Once turned into zombies and eventually culled by cell phones, these kids may be difficult to replace, because researchers at University of Szeged in Hungary have discovered that men carrying their cell phones on standby anywhere in their clothing throughout the day produce about a third less sperm than those who do not. Of the remaining sperm, high numbers were found to be swimming erratically – significantly reducing chances of fertilization. [BBC June 27/04]

Now put men made infertile by their cell phones together with fashionable beachgoing women who carry their cellphones in their bikini bottoms and the coming cell phone cull could become a crash. Especially if women are culled by bra-makers encouraging them to carry cell phones in their convenient, already cancer-prone cleavage.

Ironically, as more and more once-normal humans succumb to the seductive status and convenience conferred by cell phones, these extreme dangers become as self-perpetuating as the plague of brain-dead zombies already walking among us.

Vini Khurana urges everyone to stop using cell phones immediately. [Independent Mar 30/08]

LOW POWER INCREASES EFFECTS
Cell phone manufacturers often point to the low power output of their devices. But Dr. Franch and other medical investigators have found that the negative health effects of cell phones worsen with low dosage. This “simply reflects the fact that biological systems operate in a non-linear manner,” writes Dr. Peter Franch in a co-authored landmark study, Effects Of 835mHz Exposure On Cell Structure And Function. “The higher frequency range” used in today’s digital cell phones “is also very close to the resonant frequency of human DNA, and as well as the resonant frequency of the human skull case.”

Oops.

“Mobile telephones are arguably the most radiative appliance we have ever invented apart from the microwave oven and people are putting them by their heads – arguably the most sensitive part of the body,” comments British biologist and mobile phone specialist Roger Coghill. “Human brains may absorb up to 40% of a cell phone’s RF energy, and as much as 60% of its microwave energy.”

Sensitive to subtle electromagnetic harmonies, human brains and bodies depend on electrical impulses to conduct complex life-processes – including the ability to read, recall and respond to these words. Much like a boxer taking repeated blows to the head, rapidly pulsing cell phones signal permanent brain damage.

Cell phone researcher Dr. Peter Franch says unequivocally that brain and other “cells are permanently damaged by cellular phone frequencies.” This cellular damage, Franch notes, is maximized at low dosage, and “inherited unchanged, from generation to generation.”

“For the first time in history, we are holding a high-powered transmitter against the head,” agrees Dr. Ross Adey. “When you talk on your mobile phone, your voice is transmitted from the antenna as radio frequency radiation between 800 MHz and 1,990 MHz… at a range that’s right in the middle of microwave territory. [WSW July 11/02]

Whipping anything back-and-forth 800 or 1,990 million times per second is bound to cause breakage in the double-strand DNA of human cells.

Sure enough, in Dr. Franch’s clinical study, both normal human cells and malignant brain tumor both cells were permanently damaged by cellular phone frequencies.

Dr. Henry Lai, a 20-year EMF researcher, and colleague Dr. N.P. Singh confirmed these conclusions by finding double-strand DNA breaks in test animals exposed for just two hours to pulsed, cell phone microwaves. Double-strand breaks do not repair themselves and can lead to mutation. An Adelaide Hospital study confirmed these findings after discovering that B-cell lymphomas doubled in mice within 18 months of one-hour daily exposure to power densities experienced by a cellphone user. B-cell lymphomas are implicated in 85% of all cancers.

Before having their research abruptly shut down by zombie officials, Dr. Lai’s experiments at the University of Washington placed rats in a pool of water where they learned to swim to a platform. After half the group was exposed to cellphone radiation, they became zombies and forgot the way to the platform. After it was removed, unexposed rats swam around bewildered, while the cellular-exposed group exhibited zero memory of it ever being there. [guardian.co.uk]

SAY WATT?
Even though irrefutable medical evidence shows that, in addition to sparking a host of other maladies, cumulative brain damage from cell phones can lead to impairment severe enough to turn users into the walking dead, so far cell phone “safety codes” only regulate radiation capable of burning skin. “Basically, Health Canada claims if it can’t cook you, it can’t hurt you,” says Canadian EMF expert, Walter McGinnis. “It’s like saying cigarettes aren’t dangerous unless they burn you.”

Setting the standards for cell phone exposure in Britain, the National Radiological Protection Board’s recommended radiation limits are expressed in Specific Absorption Rates that measure radiation averaged over one gram of tissue. The 1999 NRPB recommended limit was 10 milliwatts. One year later, proposed European guidelines of two milliwatts were five-times more restrictive. But on March 9, 2000 the China Consumers Association issued a worried warning about cellphone radiation after their tests found that some cell phones radiate up to 1,550 milliwatts per square inch.

Cellphone manufactures insist that “many studies” show their miniature microwave ovens are safe. But when pressed by the Washington Post to back up their claim, the cellphone industry could cite no studies showing no adverse impact from cellular telephones on human tissues, nervous systems or organs. As Dr. George Carlo confirmed, “The industry had come out and said that there were thousands of studies that proved that wireless phones are safe, and the fact was that there were no studies that were directly relevant.”

Among more than 15,000 scientific reports on the cell phone hazards, at least 66 epidemiological studies show that electromagnetic radiation increases brain tumors in human populations. ["Cell Phone Convenience or 21st Century Plague?" by Dr. Nick Begich and James Roderick earthpulse.com]

THE CELL PHONE “SHIELD” SCAM
Can shooting yourself in the head be “safe”? Cellphone “shields” do not block microwaves, or change their harmful frequencies. If they did, cell phones could not communicate.

The only way to ensure complete protection against being turned into a zombie by cell phones is to avoid using them except in emergencies when no other voice communication is available – at the max, experts suggest, one or two minutes per month.

But cell phone manufacturers and sales rep zombies are working tirelessly to infect others by situating cell phone relay transmitters in town centers, schools and shopping centers. Remote natural settings especially attract towers festooned with microwave transmitters. Be wary! Faced with growing public opposition and some recent notable victories that have seen cell phone towers removed, their rote-reciting advocates are once again advancing their contaminating emissions by stealth – hiding cell phone relays in trees, eaves and even church steeples. Private landowners are also paid annual fees to site unassailable cell phone transmitters on their property capable of irradiating entire neighborhoods.

Incredibly shrinking mobile phones are being made small enough to fit inside a cigarette case by putting their antenna inside the phone. But this sharply reduces reception, which in turn is causing base stations to boost their RF and microwave power outputs back to size-challenged cell phones. [New York Times Mar 10/03]

SAFETY TIP: If a visitor’s cell phone picks up a strong signal where you live, find the offending tower and remove it. Or move.

Before you become a zombie, too.

About the Author

WHO IS WILLIAM THOMAS?

I am an award-winning Canadian author, reporter, photographer and filmmaker. A former Vancouver Sun “photog” – his feature writing and accompanying photographs subsequently appeared in more than 50 publications in eight countries, including translations into French, Dutch and Japanese.

My 30-minute video documentary Eco War won the 1991 US Environmental Film Festival award for “Best Documentary Short”. Excerpts from this “front-lines” chronicle of a three-man environmental emergency response team in Kuwait aired in an eight-part CBC Gulf War mini-series, and have been shown on CNN and NBC television, as well as Noam Chomsky’s feature film, “The Corporation”.

During and immediately after the Gulf War, I served five months in Bahrain, Saudi Arabia and Kuwait as a member of a three-man environmental emergency response team.

Winner of four Canadian feature-writing awards, I am the author of Days Of Deception: Ground Zero and Beyond; All Fall Down: The Politics of Terror and Mass Persuasion, Scorched Earth, Bringing The War Home, Alt Health, Stand Down, Dialing Our Cells: Cell Phone Health Hazards and the recently updated Chemtrails Confirmed.

A former pilot, ocean sailing master and frequent radio talk-show guest, I currently live and work in the Gulf Islands off Canada’s west coast.

Visit my investigative reporting website: willthomasonline.net

Visit my photography website: willthomasphotography.com

Electric Auto

Electric Auto

What You Need To Build An Electric Car

Making your own electric auto may sound difficult, but you are not building a new car from the ground up. What you are actually doing is converting your current gas auto into an electric powered car. Even if you are not a professional mechanic it is really not that hard to make an electric motor car, and can be accomplished in just a few days of work. You’ve got an electric motor a bank of batteries, and a speed controller. Look at your kids RC toys—it’s the same thing just on a larger scale. Here is a list of the basic equipment you will need to make an electric auto, keep in mind that you can always rent welders and hoists if necessary

• Work space area
• Work bench
• Basic tool kit – wrenches, socket set, screw drivers,etc.
• Small grinder
• An engine hoist
• Welding equipment
• A desire to help the environment

 

Vehicles powered by electricity are quieter, more reliable, and more cost effective than gasoline powered engines, they reduce pollution and the dependence on imported oil. Petroleum is a dwindling resource, a fact that is not going to change, while modern technology  is moving towards more and more sources of renewable energy. Even on today’s electrical grid, plug-in cars are much cleaner than gasoline cars which keep using oil products and adding to pollution, while an electric car on the other hand, just gets even cleaner over time as the grid gets cleaner.

Lastly, to make an electric truck or electric car, converting your existing vehicle into an electric powered car is also quite easy on one’s pocket as it can be done for under $500. So if you are thinking about making your own electric car, besides a work area and tools you will need a well written professional manual with complete instructions, including clear illustrations and schematics to guide you through the process. Why wait? Start today and in a short time you will have your very own electric car ready and running! For more information click here or visit my website build your own electric auto.

About the Author

The author is an avid environmentalist and diy enthusiast, his website can be viewed at
build your own electric auto

Aroma AWK-115S Hot H20 X-Press 1-1/2-Liter Cordless Water Kettle $24.95 The Hot H20 X-Press™ from Aroma provides boiling water in a matter of minutes. The 1.5-liter capacity is ideal for a variety of uses–hot tea, soups, instant coffees, oatmeal, hot chocolate, noodles, baby formula and more. Once water reaches a boil, the kettle will automatically shut off and lifts off its base for easy, cord-free pouring. The beautiful polished stainless steel finish looks grea…

Cuisinart CPK-17 PerfecTemp 1.7-Liter Stainless Steel Cordless Electric Kettle $185.00 This Cuisinart Perfectemp Cordless Electric Programmable Kettle offers latest innovation for this product category%2E Heating water will never be easier with this handsome brushed stainless steel kettle%2E Great for making tea%2C hot chocolate or instant soups%2E It will quickly bring 1%2E75 quarts of water to a boil and then turn itself off%2E…

Proctor Silex K2070Y 1 Liter Electric Kettle $11.39 Housed in a smooth, modern-looking design, this 1000-watt electric kettle rapidly boils up to 1 quart of water for coffee, tea, instant soups, and more. The unit features a detachable cord and a nonspill spout for graceful serving, plus a generous handle with a secure grip. Its immersed heating element provides a rapid and quiet heating process, making it ideal for the office, home, or college dor…

Good Evening New York City: Deluxe Edition (2 CD & 2 DVD) $38.99 The deluxe edition includes two CDs and two DVDs featuring the complete concert plus exclusive footage on the bonus DVD. The bonus DVD includes Paul’s performance on the Late Night with David Letterman, plus additional features. Track listing: 2 CD & DVD (All Regions) 1. Intro 2. Drive My Car 3. Jet 4. Only Mama Knows 5. Flaming Pie 6. Got To Get You Into My Life 7. Let Me Roll It 8. Highway 9. Th…

Outlaw Reunion $39.99 A 24-track “double play” collection featuring music by Willie Nelson and Waylon Jennings. Track listing: 1. Waylon Jennings – Crying 2. Willie Nelson – The Ghost 3. Waylon Jennings – Sally Was A Good Old Girl 4. Willie Nelson – Let’s Pretend 5. Waylon Jennings – Abilene 6. Willie Nelson – I’m Gonna Lose A Lot Of Teardrops 7. Waylon Jennings – It’s So Easy 8. Willie Nelson – Wasting Time 9. Waylon …

American Classic (Special Edition with Bonus Track, My Buddy) $26.45 Special edition features a bonus track! 2009 release from the Country/Pop icon. American Classic is Willie Nelson’s return to the Great American Songbook, a crossover standards album by the man who invented the genre with his landmark, best-selling 1978 album Stardust, which has been certified five-times Platinum by the RIAA. Produced by Tommy LiPuma and featuring guest duet partners Norah Jones o…

1934 Electric Auto-Lite Strke Documentary by Bowling Green State University WBGU-TV on the 1934 Electric Auto-Lite Strike in Toledo, Ohio…

Lux TX9000TS Touch Screen Seven-Day Programmable Thermostat $54.95 Efficient. Easy. Economical. That’s why you’ll love the Lux TX9000TS seven-day programmable thermostat. This clever device gives you complete and accurate temperature control at the touch of a finger. Compatible with a variety of heating and cooling systems, this thermostat incorporates do-it-yourself installation, a responsive touch screen, and a large lighted display for straightforward programm…

Belkin Conserve Socket Energy Saving Outlet $0.01 …

P3 International P4400 Kill A Watt Electricity Usage Monitor $29.99 Empowers You to Save Hundreds on Electric Bills Electricity bills are rising. Now you can cut down on costs and find out what appliances are actually worth keeping plugged in. Simply connect these appliances to the Kill A Watt, and it will assess how efficient they really are. The large LCD display counts consumption by the kilowatt-hour, the same as your local utility. You can calculate your elec…

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Axial Thrust Load

Axial Thrust Load

Different Types of Thrust Bearings – A Closer Look

There are many different types of thrust bearings for example thrust ball bearings, angular contact thrust ball bearings, cylindrical roller thrust bearings, needle roller thrust bearings, tapered roller thrust bearings, and spherical roller thrust bearings. All are of the same nature in function but differ slightly in how they work and what applications they are best suited to. Here is a closer look at some of these in more detail:

Thrust ball bearings – what does a thrust ball bearing look like? A thrust ball bearing has two chrome washers which is the ring and a ball usually made out of brass in the middle, sometimes they also have radius ball grooves in the rings. Even within the category of thrust ball bearing there are different types for example single direction and double direction thrust ball bearings. Single direction bearings can handle a high axial load in one single direction and must not be subjected to a radial load, the double direction bearing again must not have a radial load but the axial load can be shifted from one direction to the other.

Angular contact thrust ball bearings – sounds complicated doesn’t it? Well it’s actually just a slight variation to any other thrust bearing. Again with this type of bearing there are two options of a single direction or double direction depending on the job at hand. They are usually found in drilling rigs and other uses that require a heavy axial load. Angular contact thrust ball bearings differ to that of many thrust bearings in that they can accommodate for heavy radial loads as well as axial and they are able to operate at high speeds.

Spherical roller thrust bearings – one of the great things about this type of thrust bearing is that it can re-align itself. This is a huge advantage as bearings go because it is not sensitive to shaft deflection and misalignment of the shaft, it will realign itself and carry on working as normal. In spherical roller thrust bearings the load is transmitted from one raceway to the other at an angle to the bearing axis. These types of thrust bearings can be found in applications such as blowout preventers, classifiers, extruders, gearboxes, metal mill work/back-up rolls, pre-heater fans, pumps, and screw conveyors.

About the Author

Thrust Bearings

Supermax Max 3 Rebel with Mitsubishi 510 Control

Radial Loads and Axial Thrusts on Centrifugal Pumps …

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Axial Beadlock Rings

Axial Beadlock Rings

Axial Ax10 2.2 Beadlock Ring – Grey 8112 $7.91 Axial Ax10 2.2 Beadlock Ring – Grey 8112…

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Duratrax Dtxm4000

Duratrax Dtxm4000

Duratrax Micro Failsafe Unit $16.75 This is the Micro Duratrax Failsafe Unit. / / FEATURES: Prevents runaway nitro or gasoline powered vehicles / Operates with both 4.8 and 6V batteries / Protects against low receiver battery power below 3.8V and loss of / radio frequency / Universal male and female plugs are compatible with Futaba, JR, / Hitec and Airtronics Z radio systems, see…

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Exceed Yemen

Exceed Yemen

Exceed, Term 13 Review Day

Axial Radial Definition

Axial Radial Definition

Is a Modular Encoder Right for Your Application?

Is a Modular Encoder Right for Your Application?

Introduction
Modular, or “Kit”, encoders are actually a specialized category of rotary encoders. The difference between a modular encoder and a standard encoder is that the modular encoder does not incorporate internal bearings into its design. Instead, it relies on the host, typically a motor, to supply the structural integrity necessary for proper operation. At first glance, this approach seems to be a good idea, since eliminating the bearings can lower the price of the encoder and give the overall encoder a lower height profile. For these reasons, Modular Encoders are often favored by motor manufacturers.

However, modular encoders are definitely not a panacea, and can be good or bad, depending upon personal experience. The root problem is not modular encoders themselves, but the fact that they are often misapplied, and a proper understanding of the tradeoffs involved will go a long ways towards preventing a bad experience. The primary purpose of this article is to help you determine whether or not a modular encoder is the right choice for your application. In addition, you will better understand the tradeoffs involved, and proper implementation, so that you will see only benefits. When applying modular encoders, there are several important considerations that often get overlooked, but, before we discuss them in detail, let’s review what is critical for an encoder’s reliable operation.

Critical Design Elements
To produce reliable output signals, proper axial and radial alignment between the rotating disk and the sensor must be established and maintained. It is here that the primary area for potential problems occurs. In standard encoders, this relationship can be properly calibrated at the factory, and can be more easily maintained in the field. However, since modular encoders do not have bearings, and their most common use involves mounting them on a motor, the motor’s bearings and shaft assembly must serve as the encoder’s optical platform. Understandably, AC motors are designed to be motors and their design engineers rarely take into consideration the requirements represented by encoders. Even when the newer, more tolerant sensor technology is used (such as that in EPC’s Model 121 Modular Encoders, the motor must still meet certain criteria. The two most common motor specifications that affect encoder operation are the shaft’s axial movement (end float or end play) and the shaft’s total indicated runout (TIR).

Axial Motor Shaft Movement (End Float or End Play)
End float refers to the amount of axial movement in the motor shaft. There are a number of factors that can contribute to axial motor shaft movement including part tolerances, bearing pre-load method, thermal expansion, and bearing wear over time. When an encoder is mounted, the amount of end float directly affects the encoder’s air-gap (the distance between the sensor and the disk). It can be difficult to obtain end float specifications from the motor manufacture, and even when you do, the information may not be correct. Some motor designs mechanically lock the shaft’s axial movement on the feedback end so that end float is minimal. Other motor designs often use a wave spring washer to take up any excess play and provide a pre-load force to the bearings. In this case, you cannot assume that the end float has been removed by the wave washer, since this is only true until an opposing axial force on the end of the shaft overcomes the spring force of the wave washer allowing the shaft to move. The results on a modular encoder mounted to this shaft could be disastrous, potentially causing the encoder disc to hit the sensor. Examples where this situation can occur are:

1. When a motor shaft is connected to a ball screw, as the motor changes direction, the force from the ball screw will also change directions. This alternating force may cause the motor shaft to move axially.
2. If a sprocket, pulley, or gear with some side wobble is mounted on the motor shaft, the wobble may cause an alternating axial load to the motor shaft.

Total Indicated Runout (TIR)
Total Indicated Run-out (TIR) measures the radial range of shaft movement about its centerline. If an encoder is to be mounted on the motor shaft, TIR should be measured at that point that represents the furthest extent of the encoder case. For example, if the encoder is one inch thick, TIR should be measured about 1″ from the motor face. Although many encoders with new technology sensors will continue to operate as TIR increases beyond the specified tolerance, accuracy will be sacrificed.

Encoders with Bearings
Optical encoders (such as Encoder Products Company’s Models 755A and 260) usually include internal bearings. With bearings, the amount of axial play is typically controlled to less than 0.0005″. In addition, the disk is carefully aligned to the optics as part of the calibration procedure to keep radial run out less than 0.0002″ typical. In this manner, the critical factors of end float and TIR are controlled and will not be affected by the motor shaft in normal operation. A stainless steel flex mount allows the encoder to tolerate increased TIR and end float from the motor without sacrificing encoder performance or damaging it.

Selection Criteria
Consider these factors when choosing between a modular encoder and an encoder with bearings:

1. First and foremost, motor shaft end float and TIR must be within the encoder’s specifications. This is so important that if you don’t have (or can’t get) this information on the motor, or don’t trust what you have, then an encoder with bearings is a much safer choice.
2. Modular encoders can be a good choice for high-speed applications, those above 10,000 RPM, because there are no speed limitations dictated by encoder bearings. For example, EPC’s Model 121 Modular Encoder has been successfully operated at speeds in excess of 40,000 RPM.
3. If the motor is to be used under considerable load, where the motor bearings could experience extra wear, then an encoder with bearings would be the better choice.
4. Modular encoders are difficult to seal. If your application needs wash down, your environment is dirty, etc., then an encoder with bearings and seals should be your first consideration, effectively ruling out modular encoders, unless external protection is used.
5. If your application involves a combination of high frequency response (> 200kHz), high temperatures (100C or higher), and higher resolutions (>2048 CPR), then an encoder with bearings is recommended. This combination requires that the air-gap be smaller and better controlled for long term reliability. An encoder with bearings simply provides a better optical platform.
6. Lower resolutions in general (up to 1024 CPR) are more forgiving to end float and TIR, and are well suited for modular applications.
7. If you plan to use a lot of encoders, then the lower price of a modular encoder could save you some money. On the other hand, the additional durability and ease of installation of an encoder with bearings might easily be worth the slightly higher price. In any case, you should carefully weigh the factors of long term support costs versus slightly lower acquisition costs before making your final decision.

Quick Selection Chart (listed in order of importance):

Parameter Attribute Use Modular Use Encoder with bearings Motor shaft end float and TIR Within the encoder mfg.’s specifications Yes Yes Motor shaft end float and TIR Outside the encoder mfg.’s specifications No Yes Motor shaft end float and TIR Don’t have the information or don’t trust Not suggested Suggested High-speed applications Above 10,000 RPM Good possibility Not suggested Severe duty application Motor bearings have extra load and wear Not suggested Suggested Dirty environment May need seals Not suggested Suggested Comb. of high freq. response, temp., CPR >200kHz, >100C, >2048 CPR Not suggested Suggested Lower resolution requirement <1024 cycles per revolution Good possibility Good Number of units needed Acquisition cost vs. Life cycle cost Consider if large volume Good

Conclusion
If you have decided that a modular encoder is the right choice, Accu-Coder Model 121 Self-Aligning Encoder is the best modular encoder anywhere. It’s innovative, patent pending design eliminates the installation and mounting hassles typical of other modulars. As a result, the Model 121 does not need calibration gapping or special tools to install. In fact, it’s three step installation is the simplest and quickest in the industry. What’s more, the Model 121′s all-metal construction will not warp or deflect (like non-metal designs), making it the most durable and reliable modular encoder available.

About the Author

Encoder Products

Axial Jobs

Axial Jobs

High Pressure Inline Mixed Flow Fans

A newly developed high pressure MVA series mixed flow in-line fans finally resolves the problem of pushing air through high resistance and long ventilation ducts.

Mixed Flow fans are an excellent choice for return air, supply, or general ventilation applications where low sound is critical. As compared to similarly sized tubular centrifugals and vane axials, a mixed flow fan will be 5-20 dB quieter! In addition, the mixed flow wheel is extremely efficient and will cut down on operating expenses.

Unique features of the MVA Mixed Flow Fans include:

- Universal Mounting System that allows the unit to be field rotated at the job site
- Compact design with standard slip-fit duct connections for ease of installation
- UL/CSA listing for electrical is available
- Continuously welded housing with a standard powder paint finish suitable for indoor or outdoor applications
- A complete three plane vibration test of all assembled fans prior to shipment

Model MVAB:
 
* Belt drive construction with motor out of the airstream
* Air Handling Quality bearings selected with a minimum life in excess of L(10) 50,000 hours at the maximum operating speed
* Performance capacities from 1,000 to 100,000 cfm (1,700 – 165,000 m3/hour) and pressures up to 8 in. wg. (2000 Pa)

Model MVAD:

* Direct drive construction eliminates belts, pulleys, and shaft bearing maintenance
* MVAD design is more compact for space critical application
* Partial wheel widths allow for wide performance capacities ranging from 500 to 105,000 cfm (900 – 170,000 m3/hour) and pressures up to 9 in. w.g. (2300PA)

Another in-line fan for for air moving in round ducts by Canada Blower is a high pressure small vaneaxial fan finally resolves the problem of boosting air flow in long ventilation ducts of today’s large residential houses.

For a long time the efficient ventilation of remote rooms in the large houses could be done only with two independent air supply sources (like a furnace). Ventilating ductwork in contemporary large houses becomes so long and elaborated that even a high pressure furnace fan couldn’t generate enough static pressure to blow through the whole length of such a duct. The existing low pressure booster duct fans, even though compact enough to be installed in-line in the house ventilation ductwork, still do not provide enough booster pressure / airflow. The usual solution to this problem was installation of two independent furnaces with different air ducts, which is rather expensive option.

A new high pressure (up to 1.5″ WG) small vaneaxial Series VA fan is an ideal booster fan for prolonged ducts. Unlike inline centrifugal ventilator, that also generates rather high pressure, the air comes out not from a peripheral outlet ring area, but distributes evenly across its outlet opening like in true axial blowers.

The other advantages of VA Series vaneaxial ventilators is their intrinsic spark-resistant construction because of all-aluminum construction; quiet operation of true vaneaxial design; lower energy consumption due to efficient wheel design.

Eight different sizes from 6″ DIA to 10″ DIA offer wide performance range for any ventilation duct design. Direct drive design ensures long live, maintenance-free operation. Explosion proof motors are available too, as well as sliding dampers, various mounting options, additional sound isolation.

For additional information please refer to http://canadianblower.com/blowers/index.html.

Oleg Tchetchel
Process Engineer
Canadian Blower
http://canadablower.com
http://canadianblower.com/blowers/index.html

About the Author

Chemical Physics Engineer

Macworld 2008 spoof- Project 2

Axial Blower w/Canister: A.C. Electric 1/3 HP (Includes 15 Feet Ducting) Engineered for convenience, this 8 axial blower is an all-in-one ventilation system. The design allows ducting to collapse into a built-in canister for easy storage. The unit can also be stored vertically to use a minimum amount of space. Includes blower, built-in storage canister and 15 or 25 feet of ducting. Certified to CSA STD C22.2 No 113. Air delivery certified CEESI….

Axial Blower w/Canister: A.C. Electric 1/3 HP 220V/ 50Hz (Includes 15 Feet Ducting) Engineered for convenience, this 8 axial blower is an all-in-one ventilation system. The design allows ducting to collapse into a built-in canister for easy storage. The unit can also be stored vertically to use a minimum amount of space. Includes blower, built-in storage canister and 15 or 25 feet of ducting. Certified to CSA STD C22.2 No 113. Air delivery certified CEESI….

AC Axial Expl. Proof Blower w/Canister, incl 115V plug & socket, 15 ft. Ducting With tough steel construction this blower meets Class I, Divisions I and II, Groups C and D and Class II, Divisions I and II, Groups E, F and G Hazardous Location Requirements. The electric, explosion-proof motor is UL/CSA listed and NEMA rated. Includes a 115V plug for use with explosion-proof socket. Warning: Explosion-proof Blowers must be used with statically conductive ducting….

Handbook of Structural Steel Connection Design and Details $105.00 Gain access to the expertise of the top LRFD designers working today–with this superlative book and CD-ROM package This book not not only gives you the best and latest methods in connection design, it supplies fabricated examples on the CD-ROM that you can use for instant application and configuration of your own designs. Featuring a broad range of design methods and details, the Handbo…

A Study of the State of Budgetary Financial Reporting in Navy Medicine $36.95 This is a NAVAL POSTGRADUATE SCHOOL MONTEREY CA report procured by the Pentagon and made available for public release. It has been reproduced in the best form available to the Pentagon. It is not spiral-bound, but rather assembled with Velobinding in a soft, white linen cover. The Storming Media report number is A665953. The abstract provided by the Pentagon follows: Navy medicine is currently in …

Modeling Sea-Based Sustainment of Marine Expeditionary Unit (Special Operations Capable) (MEU(SOC)) Operations Ashore $27.95 This is a NAVAL POSTGRADUATE SCHOOL MONTEREY CA report procured by the Pentagon and made available for public release. It has been reproduced in the best form available to the Pentagon. It is not spiral-bound, but rather assembled with Velobinding in a soft, white linen cover. The Storming Media report number is A337553. The abstract provided by the Pentagon follows: The Marine Corps has embraced …

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Mattel Elite

Mattel Elite

Hot Wheels 1/18 Ferrari 512 M die-cast red $56.43 Faithful reproduction of the Ferrari 512 M scale 1:18 produced by Hot Wheels®…

Hot Wheels 1/18 Ferrari 250 GT Elite Version die-cast red $105.81 The Ferrari 250 GT is one of the most beautiful car ever produced in Maranello. This a perfect 1:18 scale replica of this historical model. All details of this car have been carefully designed in order to satisfy all Ferrari collectors’ expectations….

Hot Wheels 1/18 Ferrari F40 Version die-cast red The Ferrari F40 is a special edition produced on the occasion of Ferrari’s 40th anniversary. This terrific supercar was produced by Ferrari from 1987 to 1992 as the successor to the GTO, with which it shared some parts. The Ferrari F40 was the last car to be commissioned by Enzo. He wanted a new project to remind the world of the company’s capabilities as a manufacturer. The Ferrari F40 is a vehic…

Barbie: Jet, Set & Style $15.81 You keep up on the latest trends in fashion, hair, nail color and makeup. Your inner fashionista has been recognized and there are cities all over the world that are waiting for your style expertise to turn Barbie’s friends into glamorous fashion and beauty models. Get ready for the unique opportunity to travel to exciting, exotic cities around the globe to Jet, Set and Style. …

Hot Wheels 2011-018 New Models 18/50 Back To The Future Time Machine 1:64 Scale $1.39 DIE CAST…

Star Wars Science – Force Trainer $33.67 May the Force be with you! The Force Trainer by Uncle Milton actually allows you to control a Jedi Training Remote with your mind, by tapping into cutting-edge brainwave technology. Utilizing dry neural sensor technology, the headset reads and interprets your brainwaves.The deeper your concentration and mental focus, the greater your ability to move the Training Sphere up or down the Training Towe…

World Wrestling Entertainment Money In The Bank Ladder Match Ring $19.95 Climb your way to victory in this Superstar ring replicating WWE’s memorable “Money in the Bank” ladder match. Recreate all the knockdown, high-flying excitement with a retractable TitanTron screen, lights and sounds and 3 action points to launch your FlexForce figures into the ring. Includes a ladder, speakers and a briefcase with a contract inside just like the one from the real match. Figures N…

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