Axial .32
Axial .32
Losi 8ight-T with new Axial .32 (PR)
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Tyan Thunder K8W S2885 Motherboard $1.00 Processor * Dual µPGA 940-pin ZIF sockets |
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Wilson Electronics RG6 30 Ft. Low Loss Coax Extension Cable (White) $7.49 table.product_table { border-collapse: collapse; border: 0px; width: 100%; margin: 0 0 20px 0; padding: 0px;} Product Info 30ft RG6 cable included in the Wilson 841262 Repeater Kit. Also suitable for use with the Wilson 801247 SignalBoost DT. 30ft RG6 coaxial cable Suitable for 75 ohm Wilson amplifiers Easy to install and simple to use…. |
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Polk Audio DB651 6.5-Inch Coaxial Speakers $52.41 6-1/2″ 2-way car speakers (pair) supplied adapter rings allow for fit into 6-3/4″ locations Dynamic Balance polymer/mica composite woofer with butyl rubber surround 3/4″ liquid-cooled silk/polymer composite dome tweeter Neodymium tweeter magnet Kapton voice coil ABS wheel-design grilles Stainless steel mounting hardware Certified for marine use Power range: 6-60 watts RMS (180 watts peak power) F… |
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Alpine SPS-600 – Car speaker – 80 Watt – 2-way – coaxial – 6.5 $64.99 The perfect sound solution upgrade. Introducing the 2008 Type-S speaker line up, with multiple size options to fit almost any vehicle. If you want to add incredible sounding Alpine speakers to your system, this is the way to go. This latest offering from the popular Type-S family of speakers is a best bet upgrade, and still budget-friendly. Great sounding upgrade speakers at competitive price poi… |
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Co-axial Remote Control Rc Helicopter w/ Built in Gyro (colors may vary) $44.95 This is the new 450 sized Double Horse 9101 3 Channel helicopter. The 9101 is uniquely built with a sleek design and alloy structure, making it the most impressive and durable helicopter in its class. It comes equipped with a built in gyro, offering you unrivaled stability, with an advanced intelligent balance system, you’ll never lose control. The Double Horse 9101 has a fully functional, all aro… |
Mattel Mermaid
Mattel Mermaid
The Origin Of The Barbie And Ken Dolls
There are many children who have a favorite type of toy. This can be teddy bears, Cabbage Patch dolls, Care Bears, soft dogs and cats. They can even be the world famous Barbie and Ken dolls. These two dolls are well known by many people and not just children. While these two dolls are mainly used as toys by little girls, collectors will not hesitate to buy either of these should they come across one.
The Barbie and Ken dolls are made so that they resemble adults. The many different careers and styles of the years have an impact on the lives of these dolls. Today you will find that the world of Barbie has many accessories and items that can be used with either of these two dolls. There are also companion dolls that are of different ethnic backgrounds.
The original Barbie doll was based on a German doll called Bild Lilli. Once Mattel made Barbie and acquired the rights to the German doll, Lilli was soon discontinued. Barbie was then officially given the name Barbara Millicent Roberts. Ken was named Ken Carson. The names for the Barbie and Ken dolls were taken from the names of Ruth Handler, who was the original designer of Barbie.
While Barbie made her debut into the toy market during 1959 at the International Toy Fair in New York, Ken made his appearance during 1961. From 1961 Barbie and Ken have been considered as a couple. Their relationship was a on and off relationship. After a 43 year relationship, the Mattel Company decided that it was time for the two dolls relationship to end.
This separation lasted for about 2 years. In 2006 Barbie and Ken were made into a couple again. While the reason for the separation of the famous couple is probably due to a decline in sales, the reason they are a couple is that probably Barbie doesn’t sound complete without Ken.
While the popularity of both Barbie and Ken is attributed to the clothes and accessories you can buy, the look of the dolls may also play an important role. For many young girls Barbies looks are in keeping with the careers that she keeps getting. This fashion conscious doll has gone from being merely a fashion doll to a pilot, doctor, airline stewardess, astronaut, rock star to even being a fairy tale princess or mermaid.
Now while Barbie and Ken are just toys they are iconic figures. The looks and careers you see these dolls appearing in are an indication of how toy fashions can change. The one constant perhaps is the imagination and the endless hours of fun that a girl can derive from just playing with her Barbie and Ken dolls.
About the Author
Get additional free Barbie information by clicking here. Nora Lee is an accomplished online information provider. She provides informative articles to over 90 websites. Visit her Barbie site and learn Everything you need to know about barbie for free.
What toy am I looking for?
On UK teli they keep advertising a mermaid toy maybe mattel or something I think you collect small dolls and put them in water or something I have never actually taken any notice but my daughter wants one and I have not a clue any ideas? Im supposed to be getting it for a birthday pressie tomorrow and since shes asked for it haven’t seen the ad!
http://www.toysrus.com/product/index.jsp?productId=3135613
They sell at Toys ‘R’ Us for sure. I know, my sis wants one as well!
You can get them in Caucasian, Hispanic, and African American. And in colors Pink, Green, and Blue. Hope I helped!
Barbie in a Mermaid Tale – Swim ‘n Dance Mermaid Doll from Mattel’s ToyLab.com.au
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Barbie in A Mermaid Tale 2 Merliah Transforming Doll $18.99 Barbie in A Mermaid Tale 2 Merliah Transforming Doll: Based on the Barbie’s newest animated movie, Barbie in A Mermaid Tale 2. In the movie Barbie in A Mermaid Tale 2, Barbie stars as Merliah, a teenage surfer with a secret. Merliah doll can transform from an awesome surfer girl into a beautiful mermaid princess. Her cool, iconic, pink surfboard magically transforms into a gorgeous mermaid tail. D… |
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Disney Princess Ariel and Her Sisters Doll Set $9.98 Mattel Disney Princess Ariel and Her Sisters Doll Set – Mattel T7307…. |
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Fisher Price Magna Doodle (PC) $29.99 All the fun of the Magna Doodle is now on your PC. Choosing from five different environments, kids can draw and erase like magic. Kids can create hot-air balloons, submarines, mermaids, and spaceships. They will be thrilled when their creations take off and come to life…. |
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Barbie 4 Pack: Explorer + The Island Princess + Secret Agent + Fashion Show $21.99 Help Barbie get ready for Fashion Week in Paris one of the fashion industry’s most prestigious and biggest events. Along the way, players complete exciting fashion assignments to advance through three unique design studios which include, creating dazzling looks for each show by choosing the styles, fabrics and colors as well as picking cool hairstyles and shoes. To get ready for their most fashion… |
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Barbie Mermaid Tale 2: A Panorama Sticker Storybook (Barbie in a Mermaid Tale) $4.32 Life is sweet for Merliah Summers—not only has she been reunited with her mother, Queen Clarissa of Oceana, but she’s heading to Australia to compete in a surf tournament! But a jealous competitor could ruin everything for Merliah when she releases evil Eris, who longs to rid Oceana of Queen Clarissa and rule it herself. Will Merliah be able to save the day?… |
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Barbie in A Mermaid Tale (Panorama Sticker Storybooks (Reader’s Digest)) $3.65 Based on the latest direct?to?video Barbie movie, the new title in this best-selling series comes alive. When Marisa, played by Barbie, discovers she is half-mermaid, she must help the citizens of Atlantia by rescuing their queen—her mother. Marisa and her underwater friends have to complete three tasks in order to release her mother from the clutches of the evil Eris, who longs to rule Atlan… |
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Merliah Deluxe Go under the sea as Barbie in this deluxe Merliah mermaid costume for girls! The licensed costume includes a pink, polyester dress that velcros in the back for closure. The one-shoulder dress also features a thin strap on the opposite side as well as an off-the-shoulder-sleeve which is trimmed in orange mesh. The top portion shimmers in the light and features purple and pink printed accents as wel… |
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Child’s Barbie Mermaid Tale Skirt Barbie In A Mermaid Tale $34.95 CREATIVE DISIGNS INT’L, LTD. MERMAID SKIRT FOR AGES OVER 3 YEARS. NOT FOR CHILDREN UNDER 3 YEARS…. |
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Bathtime Fun BARBIE Mermaid & Swan Playset w Mermaid Costume (1990 Arco Toys, Mattel) $79.99 Bathtime Fun Barbie Mermaid & Swan Playset is a 1990 Arco Toys Ltd, A Mattel Company production. Model #7555. Great fun for children to use in the Bath or just for fun play! Included in the box is a 12″ Inflatable Swan that you must inflate, a Ribbon to tie around the Swan’s Neck, 6 Sea Sponges in various shapes & sizes for child play in bath, and there’s a Mermaid Costume for Barbie Doll to wear,… |
Axial Capital
Axial Capital
The Encyclopedia of Filters – Dust Collection Systems
By Dominick Dal Santo
Environmental Expert & Author
What is a Dust Collector?
After the contaminated air is captured by a Dry Dust Collection system, either by means of a Central Collection System, or in a unit Collector. The dust filled air then needs to be treated and the contaminates removed, before the air can be recirculated back into the facility or dispersed into the atmosphere. The Dust Collector separates the particles from the airstream and sends it on to its final destination.
Why are dust collectors needed?
There are many reasons why having a proper Dust Collection System installed in your facility is needed, a few important reasons are:
• To protect employees and society from exposure to pollution,
• To recover valuable products from the dust filled air
• To facilitate compliance with health and air emission standards.
Types of Dust Collectors
The five principal types of industrial dust collectors that will be discussed in this article are:
• Inertial separators
• Fabric collectors
• Wet scrubbers
• Electrostatic precipitators
• Unit collectors
Inertial Separators
Inertial separators work by making use of one or more of the following forces centrifugal, gravitational, and inertial in order to separate dust from the airstream. Once separated, the dust is removed to a hopper by gravity for temporary storage. While this type of collect can be used in applications where particle sizes are large and only a “rough” air filtration is desired, the main usage for this type of collector is as a precleaner, to remove larger particles and debris and avoid overloading and damaging more efficient dust collectors.
The three types of Inertial Separators are:
• Settling Chambers
• Baffle Chambers
• Centrifugal Collectors
A Settling Camber is a large box installed into the ductwork. The sudden larger area for the airstream to pass through causes the air stream to slow down, which in turns causes the larger particles to settle to the bottom of the chamber. This type of collector is rarely used as the primary dust collector due to it’s large space requirements, and low efficiency. However, the fact that it can be fashioned from almost any material and its simple design, which requires little maintenance, leads it to being a wise choice as a precleaner for a more efficient Dust Collector.
A Baffle Chamber has a fixed baffle plate that causes the airflow to rapidly change its direction, first turning downward, and then making a 180 degree turn back up. In the process, the larger particles fall to the bottom of the chamber and can be collected from there. As with Settling Chambers this type of collector is best used as a precleaner for another more efficient collector further in the collection system. Also like a Settling Chamber its relatively simple design and low maintenance needs make it an excellent choice for the beginning of any large scale collection system.
Centrifugal Collectors create a vortex in the airstream within an enclosure, similar to water going down a drain. Normally this is done by having the airstream enter the collect at an angle, which causes it to spin. As the airstream is spun around the collector, the particles strike the wall and fall into the hopper below.
Within this category there are two main types of systems in use:
• Single Cyclone systems
• Multiple Cyclone systems
A Single Cyclone Collector creates a dual vortex, a main downward vortex to disperse the coarser matter, and a secondary upward vortex to remove the finer particles on the return to the outlet to the duct system.
A Multiple Cyclone Collector works in the same manner as the Single Cyclone variety albeit with several small dynamiter cyclones instead of just one. The multiple cyclones work in parallel and share the same air input and output.
Between the two, the Multiple Cyclone Collector will operate more efficiently because of being longer in length and smaller in dynamiter. The smaller dynamiter cause the centrifugal force generated to be greater, and the longer length allows for more contact with the surface of the collector by the particles thereby causing more particles to be removed from the airstream. However, a greater loss of pressure is found in Multiple Cyclone Collectors than in Single Cyclone Collectors.
Again as with the other kinds of Inertial Separators, this systems main advantage is the lack of moving parts thus requiring less maintenance and repair. While it can be designed to remove a specific size range of particles, it still remains best used as a precleaner to eliminate coarse particles and ease the load on more efficient Dust Collectors further along in the system.
Fabric Collectors
Fabric Collectors (commonly known as a Baghouse) are among the most widely used dust collection systems. They benefit from having the potential to be one of the most efficient (up to 99% of very fine particles) and cost effective dust collection systems you can choose.
The way they work
The Gas stream enters into the Baghouse via the location’s duct system. Once inside the dust filled gases come into contact with the filter bags within. As the gases pass through the filters the dust particles are trapped on the filter media. Over time a layer of cake dust is built up on the surface of the filter bags. This is the secret to this filter medium’s high efficiency potential. Once the cake dust has formed, it further impedes the passage of dust through the filters in four different ways:
• Inertial Collection: The incoming Gas stream strikes the filter media, which is located perpendicular to the Gas flow before changing direction causing the dust particles to remain on the filter.
• Interception: Particles that do not cross the fluid streamlines come in contact with fibers because of the fiber size.
• Brownian movement: By means of diffusion, there is an increased chance of contact between the filter and the dust particles due to their molecular motion.
• Electrostatic Forces: An increased attraction can occur between the dust particles and the filter media when an electrostatic charge is found on the dust particles.
Air to Cloth Ratio
An understanding of the term Air to Cloth Ratio is vital to understand the mechanics of any Baghouse system regardless of the exact type used. This ratio is defined as the amount of air or process gas entering the Baghouse divided by the sq. ft of cloth in the Baghouse. An example of an Air to Cloth Ratio is provided below courtesy of http://www.usairfiltration.com
(Bag diameter in inches x pi x bag length in inches)
Total Cloth area = 144 x total number of bags
A standard 6″ bag has a 5-7/8″ diameter
This bag is 12′ long
There are a total of 132 bags in the Baghouse
= (5-7/8″ x 3.1416 x 144″) ÷ 144 x 132
= (5.875″ x 3.1416 x 144″) ÷ 144 x 132
= (2657.79) ÷ 144 x 132
= 18.46 SF of cloth per bag x 132 bags
Total cloth area = 2,436 sq. ft.
Assume the Baghouse is handling 13,000 ACFM of air
Air to cloth ratio = ACFM ÷ total cloth area
= 13,000 ÷ 2,436
= 5.34 : 1
Different Baghouse designs
There are three main types of Baghouse systems currently in use today. The same basic mechanics are present in all of them, the main difference being how filter bags are cleaned.
• Mechanical Shaker
• Reverse Air
• Reverse Jet (Or Pulse Jet)
A Mechanical Shaker is a design where the filter bags are suspended from the top of the Baghouse by horizontal beams and fastened to a cell plate on the bottom. When the Gas stream enters at the bottom of the Baghouse it is then forced up through the inside of the tubular filter bags, thereafter passing unto the airflow outlet at the top. The cleaning of this type of Baghouse is done by a shaking of the top horizontal bar that the filter bags are attached to. This is caused by a motor driven shaft and cam system that sends waves down the surface of the filter bags causing the dust to fall off the interior of them into the hopper below. This Baghouse has a relatively low Air to Cloth Ratio requiring large amounts of space. Despite this draw back, the simple design remains a noted advantage, leading to this system being widely used in the mineral processing industry.
In a Reverse Air Baghouse, Filter bags are connected to a cell plate on the bottom of the Baghouse and are suspended from an adjustable hanger frame on top. The Gas stream, as in the Mechanical Shaker design enters into the Baghouse and passes through the filter bags from the bottom leading to the dust collecting again on the interior of the filter bags, thereafter leaving through the outlet port at the top. Again the main difference in this style of Baghouse system when compared to others is the cleaning mechanism. In this system, a cleaning cycle starts with injecting clean air into the Collector in the reverse direction of the normal flow. This causes the compartment to become pressurized. The pressure causes the bags to collapse slightly releasing the cake dust to crack and fall off to be collected by the hopper below. Since it is necessary to shut down normal airflow to the Baghouse during the cleaning cycle, this type of Baghouse is normally compartmentalized so as to allow for only a partial shutdown of the system.
With a Reverse Jet or Pulse Jet Baghouse, the same basic design is found as in the other types of Baghouse design, however, with a few very important differences. In a Pulse Jet Baghouse, the filter bags are individually overlaid on a metal cage, which is then attached to a cell plate at the top of the compartment. The Gas stream enters the Baghouse at the bottom and is forced through the outside to the inside of the filter bags after which the Gas stream exits the compartment from the outlet port at the top. The main advantage of this Baghouse is that it does not require a shutdown of any kind to run a cleaning cycle. A digital sequential timer is attached to the one of the filter bags inside the Baghouse. This timer signals a solenoid valve to start the cleaning cycle when it detects a certain amount of build up on the bag. It consists of a small burst of compressed air being fired down through the filter bags. Which cause the excess cake dust to fall off into hopper at the bottom of the Baghouse where it can be collected. The cleaning cycle of the Pulse Jet collectors provides a more complete cleaning and reconditioning of the filter bags than in the Shaker, and Reverse Air designs. Also the short nature of the cleaning cycle also leads to a reduction in the recirculation and redeposit of dust. Finally, enabled by the continuous cleaning feature of the design, this kind of collection system has a higher Air to Cloth Ratio so the space requirements are much lower than in other systems.
Cartridge Collectors
Cartridge Collectors are among the newest and most cutting edge designs for dust collection. Unlike Baghouse collectors which feature the use of woven or felt filter bags, Cartridge Collectors use perforated metal cartridges that are cylindrical shaped and open on one or both ends lined with a pleated nonwoven filtering media. Once installed, one end of the cartridge is sealed off and the open end is used for the clean exhaust. Similar to a Baghouse, the Gas stream is forced through the outside of the cartridge to the inside where it then exits back into the system. Cartridge Collectors are also compatible with Reverse or Pulse Jet cleaning. Large numbers of these Collectors can be installed and used for continuous filtration for a location’s dust collection system.
Wet Scrubbers
Another effective method of dust collection is the use of Wet Scrubbers (Air Washers). These systems use a scrubbing liquid (usually water) to filter out finer dust particles. After being filtered the Gas Stream is then sent through a mist eliminator (demister pads) to remove the excess moisture from the Gas stream. Afterwards the Gas stream exits the collector through the outlet port and returns back into the system. Wet Scrubbers are ideal:
• For the collection of explosive material
• Where “slurry” produced could be reused (either in other parts of process or sold)
• Where chemical reactions could be generated with other collection methods
• To absorb excess air
Wet scrubbers have the advantage of low start up costs and low space requirements. They are well suited for treating high temperature and high humidity Gas streams. They also are able to process both air and “sticky” particulates. The main disadvantages are that they are costly to operate, require a precleaner for any heavy dust loads, cause water pollution that then needs to be addressed, and can erode with high air velocities.
There are a vast variety of different designs and applications of this type of filtration system but all of them have three basic operations they perform:
• Gas-humidification: The gas-humidification process conditions fine particles to increase their size so they can be collected more easily.
• Gas-liquid contact: This is the entire basis for the operation of this type of system. The method of contact between the liquid is done in four main ways:
• Inertial impaction takes place when the Gas stream is forced to flow around the droplets in its path. The stream separates and flows around the droplet. However the larger particles continue to be carried by inertial force in a straight path coming in direct contact with the liquid.
• Interception: Finer particles while not directly coming in contact with the droplets, do however brush up against the side of them causing them to be absorbed into the liquid.
• Diffusion occurs when a fine mist is created from the liquid being used. As the particles pass through the mist they make contact with the surfaces of the droplets by means of the Brownian effect, or diffusion.
• Condensation nucleation is the effect of a gas being cooled below its dew point while within a moisture rich environment, causing the vapor to condense of the surface of the particles thereby encapsulating them.
• Liquid separation: After going through the cleaning phase the remaining liquid and contaminates must be removed before the Gas stream can be sent back into the system. This is accomplished by means of a Mist Eliminator (Demister Pads). Which remove the liquid and dust mixture from the Gas stream and send it to a collector. Once in the collector, the solid waste settles to the bottom where it is removed by means of a drag chain system to be deposited in a dumpster or another collection area.
Wet Scrubbers are further categorized by pressure drop (in inches water gauge) as follows:
• Low-energy scrubbers (0.5 to 2.5)
• Low- to medium-energy scrubbers (2.5 to 6)
• Medium- to high-energy scrubbers (6 to 15)
• High-energy scrubbers (greater than 15)
The large amount of different Wet Scrubbers in use makes it impossible to comment on every single design in this article. However a brief overview of the most common types will enable you to understand the basic operational procedures present in all of them.
Low Energy Scrubbers:
• The most basic design is that of a Gravity Spray Tower Scrubber. In this system the contaminated air enters at the bottom of the cylindrically shaped scrubber and rises through a mist of water sprayed from nozzles at the top. The dirty water collects at the bottom of the tank and the clean air (mist) exits from the top of the collector. This collector has a relatively low efficiency compared to other kinds of Wet Scrubbers. However it’s main advantage is it can handle very heavy dust loads without getting backed up.
• Dynamic wet precipitators also called Wet Fan Scrubbers are a popular design used for medium energy scrubbing applications. In this system the Gas stream passes through a larger fan that is constantly kept wet with the cleaning liquid. The particles are trapped in the liquid and are then by means of centrifugal force thrown off the spinning fan blades unto the sides of the collector where they eventually settle at the bottom enabling them to be collected.
• Orifice Scrubbers work in a very similar way to inertial separators but with one important difference, Orifice Scrubbers use a water surface to capture the dust particles. When the Gas stream enters the collector it is rapidly redirected when it comes in contact with the water surface. Causing the dust particles to be removed from the Gas stream. A greater efficiency can be obtained by the addition of liquid spray nozzles to further separate the contaminates from the Gas stream. While these are an effective filtration system one should note that they tend to be ineffective against fine particles as these tend to be redirected off of the water surface by the high surface tension.
Low to Medium Energy Scrubbers:
• Wet Cyclone Scrubbers are nearly identical to their normal cyclone collector counterparts. In a Wet Cyclone Scrubber the Gas stream enters the collector and is then forced into a cyclone movement by the strategic placement of stationary scrubbing vanes. Liquid is introduced at the top of the collector allowing the dust particles to stick to the wet walls of the collector when they are thrown off by the vortex. As with dry Cyclone Collectors, this type of system has the benefit of few to no moving parts and it is efficient for particles up to 5um and above.
Medium to High Energy Scrubbers:
• Packed Bed Scrubbers consist of a bed of packing media, which is then sprayed with water. The packing media allows for a very wide distribution of the water, which in turn allows the Gas stream to have the maximum contact with the water during its passage though the collector. Air enters at the bottom of the collector where it first makes contact with the water in the recirculation tank. Then it is forced up through the various layers of the filtering media, and after being sent through a Mist Eliminator is sent back into the system via the exit port at the top.
Within the category of Packed Bed Scrubbers there are three different variations on the implementation of this filtering mechanism they are:
• Cross-flow scrubbers are designed to minimize height for low-profile applications. In this design the packed media is laid as sheets perpendicular to the Gas stream. The Gas stream enters in one side of the Scrubber and flows horizontally through it passing though the packing media and then exiting out the opposite side
• Co-current flow scrubbers
• Counter-current flow scrubbers
High energy Scrubbers:
• Venturi Scrubbers make use of the Venturi effect to accelerate the Gas stream to speeds of 12,000 to 36,000 ft/min. The Gas stream enters into the Scrubber through a Venturi shaped inlet where it is sprayed with water. The water hitting the extremely high speed air causes it to instantly atomize. The very fine water droplets attach to the dust particles and form a slurry, which then falls to the bottom of the collector. After passing through a Mist eliminator the Gas stream is sent back into the system.
Electrostatic Precipitators
Electrostatic Precipitators use electrostatic forces to collect dust from the Gas stream. Several high power Direct Current Discharge Electrodes are places inside the collector. The incoming Gases pass by the first set of Discharging Electrodes (ionizing section) that give the particles a negative charge (ionization). The now ionized particles travel pass the next set of electrodes (the collection section) that carry a positive charge. The positively charged plates attract the negatively charged particles causing them to collect on the plates. Cleaning is accomplished by vibrating the electrodes either continuously, or at a timed interval, causing the captured dust to fall off into a hopper below. All of this can be done while the system is operating normally.
Electrostatic Precipitators are best used in an ambient capture type system with low particle loads. Without an automated self-cleaning feature, this type of collector can very easily reach its maximum particle retention limit, which will result in a system failure. Further, for a high dust load system a great amount of dust storage is needed. Media Filtration (Baghouse) or Pleated Filtering Media (Cartridge Collectors) provide a much great surface area for dust storage than Electrostatic Precipitator systems do. However the advantages of this system are great for their intended applications. They have the ability to be extremely efficient (in excess of 99.9% in some cases), can function within vary large temperature ranges (between 700 °F and -1300°F), and can have large flow rates with minimal pressure and temperature changes. They are also very well suited for the collection of fine dust particles as well as materials like acids and tars which other system may have difficulty with.
All electrostatic Precipitators have four main components:
• A Power supply to provide the system with electricity
• An Ionizing section to negatively charge the incoming particles
• A cleaning system designed to remove collected particles from the Electrode collection plates
• A housing to enclose the Precipitator section
Within the category of Electrostatic Precipitator Collectors, there are two main types of systems:
• High Voltage Single State Precipitators (Cottrell type)
• Low Voltage Dual State Precipitators (Penny type)
High Voltage Single State Precipitators are further divided between two main designs:
Plate Precipitators are made up of several flat parallel plate collectors that are usually between 8 and 12in apart. Placed directly in the middle of each set of directly adjacent plates are a series of high voltage (40,000-70,000 volts) DC Discharge Electrodes. As the Gas stream passes through the plates it is ionized by the Discharge Electrodes and then immediately deposited unto the collection plates. The plates are then cleaned by vibrating the plates causing the debris to fall into a hopper or collection bin below. The majority of Single State Precipitators in use today are of the plate variety.
Tubular Precipitators operate in the same manner as Plate Precipitators however in a different configuration. This design uses a tubular shaped collection device with the Discharge Electrodes placed in the middle of the tube. As the Gas stream flows through the tube it is first ionized by the Discharge Electrode in the center, and then the charged particles are attracted to the inside of the positively charged tube. The cleaning mechanism can be one nearly identical to that of Plate Precipitators or it can be used as part of a Wet Static Precipitator system, wherein the sides of the Precipitator are flushed with water thereby cleaning them.
Tubular Precipitators are widely used in the mineral processing industry. They are highly valuable for use in high temperature Gas streams (boiler exhaust gas on power plants) because of their ability to adjust to the expansion and contraction of metal parts in the system. In addition this type of collector is also able to handle vapor collection, containing adhesive, “sticky”, radioactive, and extremely toxic compounds.
Low Voltage Dual Stage Precipitators contain several grounded plates about one inch from each other with another intermediate plate that also contains a charge. This system uses a much lower voltage than the High Voltage type (a 13,000-15,000 volt DC supply with intermediate supply of 7,500 compared to 40,000 to 70,000). This type of system is widely used to collect fumes and particles generated by welding, grinding or burning operations. They are also used in hooded and ducted welding machines and welding booths.
Low Voltage Dual Stage Precipitators have the advantages of being highly efficient, the possibility of a self contained washing system, and a longer service life since cleaning is only required on a monthly basis. However because maintenance requires removing the Precipitator Frames and the manual cleaning of the cleaning assemblies which are quite delicate, this type of Precipitator requires a great amount more care and caution to be used when performing maintenance.
Unit Collectors
For certain applications, Unit Collectors are a better choice for a facilities needs than a conventional Central Collection System. These collectors control contamination at their source. They benefit from low initial cost, direct return of captured material to the main material flow, and very low space requirements. These collectors are best used when the dust source is isolated, portable or changes position often. Some examples of instances where this type of collector might be useful are dust-producing operations, such as bins and silos or remote belt-conveyor transfer points.
Depending on the particular desired application is there are a number of different designs available to choose from with a capacity of 200 to 2,000 ft3/min. The two main types are:
• Fabric Collectors
• Cyclone Collectors
Unit Fabric Collectors are very similar to their bigger relatives used in a Central Collection System. They usually employ either a Mechanical Shaker, or a Pulse Jet system for cleaning. This type is well suited for the collection of fine particles such as in the mineral processing industry.
Unit Cyclone Collectors also operate on the same principles are the kind used in Central Collection Systems. Dust is collected and deposited into a hopper, which then can be removed later for cleaning. This type of collector is best used in the collection of coarse of larger particles.
Central Collection System
Every Dust Collection System must have a Central Collection System in place in order to send the contaminated air to the filtration system. A Central Collection System consists of a series of collection inlets, and the necessary duct work to transport the dust laden Gas stream to the collector and afterward on to be either recirculated back into the facility or dispersed into the atmosphere. The pressure in this duct system is supplied by the Fan and Motor System.
Fan and Motor
Choosing the right Fan and Motor System requires a number of different factors to be taken into consideration including but not limited to:
• Volume required
• Fan static pressure
• Type of material to be handled through the fan (For example, a Radial Blade Fan should be used with fibrous material or heavy dust loads, and a nonsparking construction must be used with explosive or flammable materials.)
• Limitations in space
• Acceptable levels of noise caused by the fan
• Required operational temperature (For example, sleeve bearings are suitable to 250º F; ball bearings to 550º F.)
• Adequate size to handle pressure and volume requirements with minimum horsepower usage
• Whether any corrosive materials are going to be handled and what protective coatings may be needed
• Ability of fan to accommodate small changes in total pressure while maintaining the necessary air volume
• Need for an outlet damper to control airflow during cold starts (If necessary, the damper may be interlocked with the fan for a gradual start until steady-state conditions are reached.)
Also to be considered is what type of drive system for the fan you plan to use. A Direct Drive fan is run directly off of a drive shaft from the motor, this provides for lower space needs, but places the fan at a constant unchangeable speed. While Belt Driven fan, which uses a belt to flywheel configuration needs more space, it can allow for the fan speed to be easily changed which is vital for some applications.
There are two main types of fan designs that are used in industrial applications:
• Centrifugal fans
• Axial-flow fans
A Centrifugal Fan (also called a Squirrel-cage fan for its resemblance rodent exercise devices) is a fan build with blades (or ribs) surrounding a central hub. The air enters into the side of the fan and then turns 90° and is accelerated and thrown out of the fan by means of centrifugal force. The diverging shape of the scroll also converts a portion of the velocity pressure into static pressure. The fan is driven by means of a drive shaft that extends out from the center hub of the fan.
There are three main types of Centrifugal fan blades that can be used:
• Forward Curved Blades
• Backward Curved Blades
• Straight Radial Blades
Forward Curved Bladed Fans have blades that are curved in the direction of the rotation of the fan. These fans are highly sensitive to particulate buildup and are used for high airflow, low pressure applications.
Backward Curved Bladed Fans contain blades that are positioned away from the fans rotation direction. These fans will provide an efficient operation, and can be used in Gas streams with light to medium particle concentration. While they can be fitted with wear protection, this type of blade can still become backed up if the particle load gets to be too heavy. This fan type is most often employed in medium speed, high pressure, and medium airflow applications.
Straight Radial Bladed Fans provide the best choice for heavy particle loads. This design features a series of blades that extend straight out from the center hub. This design is used for high pressure, high speed and low volume applications.
Fan dampeners
Fan dampeners are metal plates that can be adjusted to reduce the energy usage of the fan. Placed on the Outlet port of a fan, they are used to impose a flow resistance to control the Gas stream. They also can be placed on the Inlet port, which can perform the same function, as well as redirect how the Gas stream enters into the fan.
Axial Flow Fans
Axial Flow Fans have blades that are mounted unto a center drive shaft. They induce the air to move parallel to the shaft the blades are mounted on by the screw-like action of the propellers. The air is blown across the axis of the fan hence the name Axial Flow Fans. This type of fan is commonly used in systems with low resistance levels.
The three main different designs of Axial Flow Fans are:
• Propeller
• Tube Axial
• Vane Axial
Propeller Fans is the most simple fan design. It is used to move large an amount of air against very low static pressure from the rest of the system. General and Dilution ventilation are two common uses for this type of axial fan.
The Tube Axial design is very similar to a normal propeller type fan, except that the propeller is enclosed in an open ended cylinder. This design is more efficient than simple propeller types and is often used in moving Gas streams filled with condensable fumes or pigments.
Vane Axial Fans are nearly identical to Tube Axial Fans. But these contain specially attached vanes that are designed to straighten the Gas stream as is passes through the fan. These can produce high static pressures relative to this type of fan. However these fans are in most applications used only for clean air.
Fan Rating Table
Once all of the preceding material has been examined, the final step in the selection of the proper fan for your system is to consult a Fan Rating Table. This is used to list all of the specifications for the various fans produced by a certain manufacturer. When reviewing a Fan Rating Table one must keep these few points in mind:
• The rating tables show all of the possible pressures and speeds that can be achieved within the limits of the fan’s normal operation range.
• A fan that operates at a single or fixed speed and has a fixed blade setting will only have one possible rating. The only way to gain multiple ratings is by varying the speed and the blade setting.
• It may be possible to obtain the same fan in different construction classes
• Increasing the exhaust volume will in turn increase the static and total pressure in the system
Fan installation
Once a system has been installed in the field, inevitably certain differences between design and field installation will require a field test to be done to find the exact measurements of static pressure and volume. This step is crucial in order for a proper fan system to be selected. A few brief points are good to keep in mind during the installation process that can cause your real world values to change from the original design specifications:
• Elbows and bends near the fan’s discharge will increase the systems resistance thereby lowering your fan’s performance
• Make sure to install the impeller in the proper direction desired.
• Certain types of fittings such as elbows, mitered elbows and square ducts, can cause a nonuniform airflow which in turn will again lower performance
• Build up of debris in the inlets, blades, passages as well as obstructions should be checked and remedied
• In a belt driven system one must check the motor sheave and fan sheave are properly aligned and that proper belt tension is present
Electric Motors
An Electric Motor is what supplies the power necessary to operate the fan (Blower) in the Dust Collection System. Electric Motors are usually grouped as either Induction, or Synchronous designs. Induction designs are the only ones that are used in Dust Collection Systems today.
Induction Motors normally operate on three phase AC current. The two most common types used in Dust Collection Systems are:
• Squirrel Cage Motors are generally used where a constant speed is desired
• Slip Ring Motors by contrast are general purpose or continuous rated motors that are used in applications where there is a need for an adjustable speed in the motor.
Another important design consideration is whether the Motor is one of these two enclosure designs:
• Drip Proof and Splash Proof Motor are types of Open Enclosed Motors, which use a kind of electric motor enclosure that has vents to allow airflow but to prevent liquids and solids from entering the motor. This design is not suitable for application where particles that can damage the interior of a motor are found in the ambient atmosphere around the motor.
• Totally Enclosed Motors have an exterior fan mounted unto the backside of the motor drive end. The fan blows air over the motor enclosure to provide additional cooling for the motor. Since the actual motor is totally enclosed this design provides the best protection against dust and other contaminates that might damage the motor if allowed inside.
Both Types can also be constructed in explosion and dust ignition proof models to protect against accidental ignition of dust particles.
The following factors need to be considered when choosing which motor meets your needs:
• Horsepower and RPMs
• Power supply needs such as voltage, single or three phase AC and frequency
• The environment in which the motor will have to operate (humidity, temperature, open flames or corrosive elements
• What kind of load is going to be placed on the motor (fan and other drive mechanisms) and power company restrictions on cold starts.
• Sufficient power supply for cold starts
• Overload protection needed for the particular motor
Dust Disposal
After the Airstream has been cleaned, the dust that has been collected must be disposed of in a proper way to ensure that recontamination is avoided. In many cases where the collected material is of value, it can be returned to the product stream and reused. However this is not practical in all applications. Minimizing secondary dust problems is also a key component in an effective dust disposal system. Operations such as loading and unloading of the collected material, or the transportation of wet slurry can present further contamination problems that need to be addressed.
All Disposal Systems have to accomplish these four objectives without further contaminating the environment, in order to be effective in their role in the Dust Collection System:
• Collected material from the hopper must be removed
• Transportation to storage
• Storage of the collected material
• Treatment necessary before final disposal
Removal Of Dust From The Hopper
The hopper must be emptied of the collected dust on a regular basis to prevent overfilling. Often this process is done while the collector is still operating. If this is the case, rotary air locks, or tipping valves need to be used in order to maintain a positive air seal and thus avoid massive pressure loss that would be detrimental to the normal operation of the system. Some materials display what is called a bridging tendency, which is a tendency to stick together and form long strands that can over time build up into bridge like formations that can impede the normal operations within a hopper. If material of this kind is present in the system, special equipment such as bin vibrators, rappers, or air jets should be used to ensure that the material that has a bridging tendency does not interfere with normal operation of the hopper.
Dust Transportation
Once the dust has been removed from the collector, it must be transported to a storage area where is can be given any final treatments needed before it is disposed of. There are four main systems that can be used to transport the collected material to holding there are:
• Screw conveyers
• Air conveyers
• Air Slides
• Pressurized piping system for wet material (Slurry)
Screw conveyers use rotating shaft to move material to the desired location. These systems are very effective methods of dust transportation. However several areas of concern in this type of system are that they tend to have a noted lack of easy access for maintenance purposes, the castings and bearings can wear out easily when used with abrasive materials with air leaks being the end result.
Air Conveyers are used mainly for dry dust applications. Making use of a high velocity low air volume principle, these collectors are a great choice because of their few moving parts and their ability to move dust both vertically and horizontally. The main concerns with this system are that the piping can over time suffer from excessive wear from abrasive compounds. They also require large initial investments of capital and have higher operating costs.
Air Slides are widely used for light dust loads with nonabrasive materials. Air fluidization of the dust is the main operating principle behind this system. This system while able to transport great amounts of material has the downside of only being able to do so in a horizontal direction. Areas of concern are the need to maintain a constant down pitch in the ductwork, and greater maintenance costs.
Pressurized piping systems are needed when transporting the slurry made from using a Wet Scrubber design. This system is used to send the slurry to a settling pond for further treatment. Great care must be taken by the operators of this system to ensure that no leakage occurs which would result in an environmental hazard caused by water pollution.
Dust Storage
Storage tanks and Silos are the most common storage locations for dry dust compounds after their collection. These sites are then fitted to allow loading of the material into enclosed trucks or rail cars below.
When using a wet collection system often times a settling pond is needed. In a settling pond the captured particles are separated by means of the process of decantation. The slurry from the Wet Scrubbers is left to sit in a large pond or basin, allowing the captured particles to over time slowly settle to the bottom of the pond; afterwards the clean water is discharged. Again certain factors to consider in the use of a settling pond are that the water holding area can only be decanted in the warmer, dryer part of the year, and in most instances two settling ponds are needed to operate efficiently.
Final Disposal
When deciding on a final disposal method, one must remember that great care needs to exercised in order to avoid recirculation of the dust by the wind. Sometimes in because of this concern, and for easier transportation, the captured material is processed into pellets before final disposal. Generally four different options are available for the final disposal of the collected material:
• Placement in a landfill
• Recycling
• Byproduct utilization
• Collected material may be suitable for backfilling land fills and quarries
Selection of a Dust Collector
The differences in design, operation, efficiency, space requirement, construction, and maintenance needs, as well as the initial start up, operating, and maintenance costs differ greatly between various products and systems. However in choosing which system will meet your needs the best, the following point should be considered:
Dust concentration and Particle size – Within any kind application the specific sizes and dust concentrations can vary enormously. Therefore, knowing the exact range of particle size and concentration levels that will be present will be vital in your choosing the proper Collection System.
Degree of collection required – How intensive of a filtration action is needed is determined by several factors. The exact dangers and hazards of the contaminates to be captured, its potential as a public health risk or nuisance, site location, the allowable emission rate by the regulatory body for the given substance, characteristics of the dust, and any recyclable value.
Characteristics of the Gas stream – Differences in Gas stream temperatures and humidity levels can great affect certain types of collectors. For example Gas temperatures above 180° F (82°C) will destroy many types of filter media (Filter Bags) used in Fabric Collectors (Baghouses). Water vapor or steam can blind certain types of Filter Media. Corrosive and other chemicals can erode certain metals and other materials used in the construction of many Collectors.
Types of Dust – Certain types of Collectors have a great deal of physical contact between the particles and the Collector itself. A number of different materials such as silica or metal ore are quite abrasive and can cause erosion through prolonged contact with the Collector. Other “sticky” compounds can attach themselves to the interior surfaces of the collector and cause blockages. The size and distinct shape of some types of dust render certain collection methods useless. When certain types of materials are fluidized into the air they become highly combustible. Under these circumstances Electrostatic Precipitators are instantly ruled out, along with most Inertial Separators.
Disposal Methods – Differences in disposal methods betweens different locations. Collectors can be arranged to unload their collected matter either in a continuous mode or at a predetermined time interval. Removal of collected matter from dry systems can also result in secondary causes of dust pollution and contamination. While using a Wet Scrubber System will eliminate this concern, proper handling of slurry created during the cleaning cycle will involve an entirely different set of problems, such as precautions against water pollution, and proper care and maintenance of the retention ponds.
Qfilter.com All Rights Reserved.
About the Author
Axial Division of Labour
Game Stop
Game Stop
Maintaining on Top of Gaming News
The gaming industry is a huge industry that consumes as much news space as any other widely known enterprise. It’s so large in fact, if you take a walk down the aisle of any store that sells magazines, you’ll find at least two or three gaming magazines to select from – and this includes stores that you would least expect to find them in, like the Walgreens Drug Store for Pete’s sake.
What’s even better, is that regardless of what your skill level with games is, you can take advantage of this news coverage and use what you learn to improve you knowledge, your equipment, and your play. You can additionally find out about gaming events that you can attend or even participate in.
To start, take a trip to your local game shop. Game Crazy and Game Stop are two popular gaming stores that regularly carry related magazines (although you may discover that your local game shop carries only one). One of the things that you’ll want to do while looking over these magazines is to compare prices of both games and game systems. The Gamer Informer magazine shows no preference, and provides a one to two inch thick critique of the newest stuff out there. Inside this resource, you’ll find commentary on the Wii, EA games, the PS3, the Xbox 360, PC games, the PS2, the PSP and the DS system.
As a no holes barred manual to what’s hot and what’s not, gaming magazines show you how news in the mainstream media affects game production and how it can affect not only your purchase decisions, but the type of games you play as well. It isn’t uncommon for a game to experience a rise in sales just from being mentioned in the 5:00 news hour.
You could learn what’s happening with new and competitive gaming businesses before investing in their products, however if you dig a little deeper, you can even find out what’s influencing the market that you’re a part of.
Here’s an example of what we mean:
“Today, professional gaming took a giant leap forward. DIRECTV, Inc., the nation’s leading digital service provider and key partners are taking the professional gaming industry to the next level with the creation of a new video gaming professional sports league that will be the standard for the industry and redefine the consumer gaming experience.”1
You can also discover what influence the news has on gaming within an international level:
“The British Academy of Film and Television Arts today announced that its 2007 British Academy Video Games Awards will be held on the evening of Tuesday 23 October at Battersea Evolution in London.”2
Interested in console specific information? How about Nintendo:
“Nintendo plans to boost Wii production (AP via Yahoo! News) Nintendo’s president acknowledged Friday that the shortage of the hit Wii game machine was “abnormal,” and promised production was being boosted to increase deliveries by next month.”3
Of course, there’s always the chance that you’ll find out things you’re weren’t exactly supposed to find in the first place:
“Halo 3 gameplay leaked online (The Inquirer) A VIDEO HAS has appeared online showing seven minutes of fresh, crisp Halo 3 gameplay.”4
From these few, small examples, you’ve learned about the creation of a new video gaming professional sports league, the Academy Video Games Awards, a boost in Wii production, and the leak of a “certain” video from a “certain” game. Just imagine what you’d find out with a monthly subscription to GamePro (www.gamepro.com), Computer Games Magazine (www.cgonline.com), or GameSlice (www.gameslice.com)!
About the Author
Check my new pick up truck rentals and hertz truck rental web pages.
Axial Piston Pump Efficiency
Axial Piston Pump Efficiency
Increased capacity valving plates for a hydraulic orbital motor
A hydraulic orbital motor utilizing the holes surrounding the main assembly bolts together with interconnecting radially extending passages so as to allow for the transfer of fluid axially through the device from a single fluid input hole to an area 360°surrounding a valve.
Hydraulic orbital motors have been utilized to provide power to a negative mechanism (such as a motor for a drivewheel or winch) or to derive power from a positive mechanism (such as a fluid pump driven by a gasoline motor). In some instances, the device is also utilized for a secondary purpose such as controlling the speed of rotation of itself or an auxiliary member.
Most hydraulic orbital motor devices are relatively large in diameter for a given volumetric efficiency. The reason for this is the constraints in the cross-sections of the fluid passages which are necessary in the body of such hydraulic orbital motor device. Examples of devices with limited cross-sectional passages include the Ross Gear MF-MG series which include a separate series of set diameter holes interconnected in alternate plates by set diagonal passages to provide for a fluid path axially through the manifold between (and separately from) the main bolts. In this Ross device both the holes and lateral slots have limited cross-sections, thus limiting the amount of fluid which is able to pass axially through the manifold. Some devices partially neighbor a bolt–examples include the bi-directional valving passage, Reduced Size hydraulic orbital motor Motor, and the uni-directional passages, hydraulic orbital motor Motor Pump Assembly, Hydrostatic Device. However this usage is limited to a single location surround or a symmetrical Passageway.
The valve openings 61 are designed for a smooth transition between fluid connections in an orbiting valve type design. Towards this end the inner edge of a chosen valving opening blends in with the outer edge of an adjacent opening, thus to provide for a smooth transition in the valving process.
The external shift passages 63 and the external shift plate 53 begin with an outer section 64 which substantially matches that of, the valving passages 61. The internal section 65 of these same passages extend inwards toward the central opening 42 without a reduction in cross-sectional area while at the same time providing sufficient distance between adjacent passages that there is a proper sealing therebetween.
The crossover openings 67 in the connection plate 52 include the entire area which is common to both the external shift passages 63 and the later described internal shift passages 68. These crossover openings 67 are thus the maximum cross-sectional size they can be effectively while still efficiently transferring fluid between the external shift passages 63 and the internal shift passages 68.
The internal shift passages 68 in the internal shift plate 51 extend for the greatest distance they are thus the largest passages within the manifold 40. The inner end 69 of the internal shift passages 68 match that of the crossover openings 67 while the outer ends 70 substantially replicate the expanding/contracting gerotor cells of the gerotor device. Again, these internal shift passages 68 are designed with a minimum clearance therebetween so as to maximize the size of such passages.
The cell openings 171 in the cell opening plate 50 include a main section 172 which is substantially centered on the expanding/contracting gerotor cells. A small additional extension 173 provides for auxiliary lubrication of the cylinders 33 in the gerotor motor by extending substantially to the center of the area off of axial ends of such cylinders 33. Again, the size of these cell openings 171 substantially overlap the internal shift passages 68 so as to provide for the efficient fluid passages therebetween.
The end plate 70 completes the housing 11 by providing an integral opening 75 to seal the area 71 surrounding the valve 72 against the manifold 40. The end plate, a unitary part, is substantially 3.6″ in diameter and 1.17″ long with a series of 0.315″ diameter holes on a 2.8″ bolt circle for the bolts 90.”
Although this invention has been described in its preferred form with a certain degree of particularity, numerous changes can be made without deviating from the following claimed invention. For example an inside contact between the bolts 50 and the various openings 43-45 in the manifold 40 are utilized to retain the manifold in position in respect to the remainder of the housing 11. If desired outside contact, a combined inside/outside contact, a limited number of dedicated through bolts or other contacts could be utilized without deviating from this invention. Additional example the passages within the manifold can be modified to provide for a 360° transfer of fluid entirely within the manifold. This could be accomplished by modifying the two plates 50, 51 (FIGS. 14 and 15) and/or the plates 53, 54 (FIGS. 16 or 17). It is not preferred to modify the cross-over plate 52 due to the single thickness limited available area in this plate. Other changes are also possible.
In order to further increase the amount of fluid passing through the manifold, the cell opening plate 50, the internal shift plate 51 and the external shift plate 53 are used in multiples, thereby to increase the cross-sectional area of the valving passages 60 extending therein, thus to further increase the volumetric efficiency of the hydraulic orbital motor.
About the Author
Zhongyi Hydraulic Motor Company is a professional engaged in radial piston motor,axial piston motor,slewing transmission,danfoss motor,hydraulic orbital motor,hydraulic steering unit. All products are strictly tested before delivery by testing bench and comprehensive testing facilities to ensure the quality.
BENZ Chassis of 37M Concrete Pump Truck Efficiency
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Aiming for efficiency: new torque limiting option for Parker’s P1 axial piston pump targets improved control, lower fuel use.(MOBILE HYDRAULICS): An … from: Diesel Progress North American Edition $9.95 This digital document is an article from Diesel Progress North American Edition, published by Diesel & Gas Turbine Publications on March 1, 2009. The length of the article is 455 words. The page length shown above is based on a typical 300-word page. The article is delivered in HTML format and is available immediately after purchase. You can view it with any web browser.Citation DetailsTitle: Aimi… |
Axial Inclination
Axial Inclination
Planetary Evolution
Spiral galaxies are an excellent example of the evolving nature of a collapsing gas cloud. Due to their size the process occurs in slow motion compared with the evolution of a solar system. A non-rotating spherical gas cloud would collapse under gravity uniformly. A rotating gas cloud, due to centrifugal forces, will collapse to a disc. An eccentric or slightly non-spherical rotating gas cloud, due to the non-linear gravitational forces, would collapse to a spiral. There is no need to prove this, the evidence is present in every galaxy.
Spirals form with the radii of the spiral increasing by 1.618 for every 90 degree revolution around the central point. This is evident in galaxies and the patterns of snail shells. If these locations are points at which planets can form, the orbits of the moons of Jupiter and the planets of our solar system would fit this pattern. The four large moons of Jupiter fit exactly. The planets do so if it is assumed the asteroids form 2 adjacent rings. The predicted orbits in AU (measured data in brackets) are Mercury 0.38 (0.39), Venus 0.61 (0.7), Earth 1.0 (1.0), Mars 1.6 (1.5), Asteroids 2.6 and 4.2 (2.6 to 4), Jupiter 6.8 (5.2), Saturn 11 (9.5), Uranus 18 (19.2) Neptune 29 (30).
The mass of gas giants, with the exception of Uranus, decreases with distance from the sun. Uranus has clearly undergone a catastrophic event by the nature of it’s near 90 degree inclined axial rotation. This may have resulted in significant mass loss. Most of the Earth’s mass is iron. If it is assumed 65% of the Earth is iron, as the mass abundance of iron in the solar system is around 0.12%, the original mass of the spiral ring that formed the Earth, including hydrogen and helium would have been around (1/0.0012)/0.65 = 1300 times the Earth’s mass. This again shows an increase in mass available in spiral arms closer to the sun.
Near to a star planets might not retain hydrogen and helium long and so their mass is lower and their elementary composition different. If it is assumed that mass available reduces linearly with orbital distance and that within 4 AU hydrogen, helium and other gases are not retained, the Earth masses predicted are (measured data in brackets), Venus 1.58 (0.82), Earth 0.98 (1), Mars 0.6 (0.1), Jupiter 190 (318), Saturn 117 (90), Uranus 73 (15), Neptune 45 (17). Mercury will have lost significant amounts of iron due to its near sun orbit.
Clearly in real spirals things aren’t this simple, as is observed in galactic spirals. Interactions between spirals and collisions would change the resultant planetary landscape. For example Venus’ slow axial rotation indicates a high impact collision at some stage in its history.
Data now being gathered on extra solar planets shows the presence of high mass sub 0.1 AU orbit planets. With this model even without hydrogen and helium, the mass of carbon, oxygen and iron is sufficient to explain these “hot-Jupiters”. For example in our solar system the mass available at an orbital distance of around 0.09 AU would be around 300 Earth masses. Provided the planet formed quickly enough or the star is still young and the carbon and oxygen are still retained, such high mass planets would exist.
The orbital distances of multi planet extra-solar planetary systems in many cases follow the 1.618 increase pattern.
About the Author
in terms of axial tilt, which of the jovians shows us the largest inclination.?
a.) saturn
b.) uranus
c.) jupiter
d.) neptune
e.) pluton
A Jovian (Juputer-like) planet is another term for a gas giant, i.e. one of Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus and Neptune. Pluto is not a gas giant, and the question should not list it that way. It is a cold lump of rock and ice.
So the answer to the question “which of Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus and Neptune has the largest axial tilt?” is Uranus.
And this what Wikipedia has to say about it:
“Axial tilt
One of the most distinctive features of Uranus is its axial tilt of ninety-eight degrees. Consequently, for part of its orbit one pole faces the Sun continually while the other pole faces away. At the other side of Uranus’ orbit the orientation of the poles towards the Sun is reversed. Between these two extremes of its orbit the Sun rises and sets around the equator normally.
At the time of Voyager 2′s passage in 1986, Uranus’ south pole was pointed almost directly at the Sun.
One result of this orientation is that the polar regions of Uranus receive a greater energy input from the Sun than its equatorial regions. Uranus is nevertheless hotter at its equator than at its poles, although the underlying mechanism which causes this is unknown.
The reason for Uranus’ extreme axial tilt is also not known. It is speculated that during the formation of the Solar System, an Earth sized protoplanet collided with Uranus, causing the skewed orientation.
It appears that Uranus’ extreme axial tilt also results in extreme seasonal variations in its weather. During the Voyager 2 flyby, Uranus’ banded cloud patterns were extremely bland and faint.
Recent Hubble Space Telescope observations, however, show a more strongly banded appearance now that the Sun is approaching Uranus’ equator. By 2007 the Sun will be directly over Uranus’ equator.”
Tamdrin: Axial Inclination
Mattel Elite Ring
Mattel Elite Ring
Miley Cyrus Glams Up With Whiteflash’s Fashion Jewelry
Rubbing shoulders with Hollywood’s elite is nothing new for the internet’s premier online jewelry retailer Whiteflash.com. Over the summer at the zany and fun Teen Choice 2008, Whiteflash flexed their power and shouted their message of youth “AWEARness” as one of the featured sponsors in the highly exclusive Mattel “Celebrity Retreat” during the Awards at the Gibson Amphitheatre – Universal Studios, Hollywood, CA.
The Retreat was produced by Backstage Creations, specialists in award show gifts and custom backstage Celebrity Retreats. Teen Choice 2008, which aired on August 4th at 8PM/7PM CST on FOX, was a huge hit with the young Hollywood elite.
Teen sensation Miley Cyrus hosted the tenth annual edition of TEEN CHOICE, celebrating the hottest teen icons in film, television, music, sports and fashion. The featured performances by multi-platinum recording artist Mariah Carey, with appearances by Zac Efron, Chris Brown, Selena Gomez, Steve Carell, Chace Crawford, Hayden Panettiere, Kristen Bell, Scarlett Johansson, Jesse McCartney, Brittany Snow, Drake Bell, Mischa Barton, Sophia Bush, Ryan Sheckler, Chad Michael Murray, Pink, Jaime Pressly, Minka Kelly, JoJo, Danica Patrick, and more!
Miley sported Whiteflash’s custom line while introducing singer Pink’s performance. The bold 18K white gold 9-row diamond bracelet with 9.23ct of diamonds rang in at an impressive $14,675. The piece inlcuded Whiteflash’s top of the line diamonds, Whiteflash ACA and accentuated what was a big night for Cyrus because she was nominated for her first VMA.
The fun escalated once the stars hit the coveted Mattel “Celebrity Retreat,” full of luxurious giveaways and goodies. WhiteFlash.com sparkled under the tent as they showcased their new AWEAR: Jewelry for Conscious Kids collection. The Collection was developed to inspire youth on a global front by supporting efforts to provide educational opportunities and build stability for those children who have been victimized by the illicit trade of conflict-diamonds throughout the world. Amazingly, which grab the attention of celebs and VIP’s, 25% of all profits from the new Collection goes to support the healthcare and educational development of child victims of conflict diamonds in effected countries (WCCCI.Org).
The young ladies of Hollywood flocked in droves to get their hands on a little something to prove that they too were conscious and AWEAR. Celebrities walking away with goodies from the new line included: popular singers like Jordin Sparks, Natasha Bedingfield, The Cheetah Girls, The Clique Girls, Danity Kane and rapper Lil Mama. Other lucky ladies that can now consider themselves AWEAR are actresses Sophia Bush, Megan Park, Brenda Song, Kaycee Stroh, Oleysa Rulin, Francia Raisa, Niecy Nash and India Eisley.
Rapper and mogul LL Cool J demonstrated that even the fellas think it’s cool to be “AWEAR” as he shopped for gifts for his daughter at the WhiteFlash.com booth and commented that the new line was “tight.” Other guys joining in the shopping for the ladies in their lives included: producer extraordinaire and American Idol judge Randy Jackson; R&B sensation Chris Brown; fashion icon Steven Cojocaru and Hannah Montana star Mitchel Musso.
Sold exclusively at WhiteFlash.com, the AWEAR line of trendy and classic diamond encrusted charms retail from $250 to $1,500, making them ideal gifts for a birthday, graduation, Bat Mitzvah, first communion, confirmation or any other meaningful occasion when a child first learns that the future belongs to her… and that you hope she’ll take care of it.
For more information about the AWEAR: Jewelry for Conscious Kids collection, visit www.whiteflash.com.
About the Author
Whiteflash offers exquisitely hand crafted wedding bands, diamond engagement rings, anniversary jewelry, diamond earrings and uniquely custom designed pieces from our assortment of loose diamonds featuring Whiteflash ACA diamonds. We have been named “Lord of the Online Rings” by Kiplinger’s Magazine.
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World Wrestling Entertainment Money In The Bank Ladder Match Ring $19.95 Climb your way to victory in this Superstar ring replicating WWE’s memorable “Money in the Bank” ladder match. Recreate all the knockdown, high-flying excitement with a retractable TitanTron screen, lights and sounds and 3 action points to launch your FlexForce figures into the ring. Includes a ladder, speakers and a briefcase with a contract inside just like the one from the real match. Figures N… |
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WWE Elite Scale Ring $59.99 Display all your Elite Collection Superstars! Have a Royal Rumble of a good time! Realistic floor mat and ring steps! This highly detailed 22-inch Elite Scale Ring is created to scale! It features a realistic floor mat and ring steps, removable turnbuckle covers, and an authentic WWE Raw ring skirt and ropes. Use it to display all your Elite Collection Superstars or have a Royal Rumble of a good … |
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WWE Defining Moments Shawn Michaels – Wrestlemania 25 Collector Figure Series #1 $22.99 Heres your chance to get a legendary WWE Superstar!… |
Mattel Monster High Backpack
Mattel Monster High Backpack
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Monster High Scary Cute Beauty Set Licensed Mattel $21.99 The teenage children of the legendary monster menaces have gathered together under one roof…to attend high school at Monster High! These girls are wild, they’re fierce, and they’re totally trendy. They’ve left their parents’ outdated haunting habits behind to form a killer style all their own. When you see them, you’ll just have to gasp “Drop dead…gorgeous!”… |
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Monster High Ghoul Spirit Backpack $49.99 For a frighteningly fashionable look, tote the Monster High Ghoul Spirit Backpack to school! This black pack is decked out with a stylish skull graphic wearing a glittery pink bow, while silver and black Monster High trim offers a terrifyingly trendy touch. A large zip compartment, front zip pocket and two side mesh pouches hold all of your belongings…. |
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Monster High Full Size BackPack School ? Full size large backpack measures ? 16″H x 12″W x 5″D ? Front zipper pocket for small ? accessories and supplies ? Two side mesh pockets… |
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Walt Disney High School Musical Small Backpack and HSM Beanie Set $17.99 Walt Disney High School Musical Small Backpack and HSM Beanie Set, Backpack Size Approximately 11″… |
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Monster High Monster Maker Machine $15.49 Create your own scary-cute accessories with the Monster High Monster Making kit. The kit includes a Monster Making machine and all the monster parts needed to design and construct three wickedly cool Monster High character charms to hang from your backpack, purse, jeans — or anything you want. It includes 3 different sets of clothing, hands, feet, hair and faces, 3 key ring clips and instructions… |
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Monster High Ghoul Spirit Action Figure Doll 3Pack Draculaura, Cleo de Nile Ghoulia Yelps $55.61 Freaky just got fabulous with this great Monster High Ghoul Spirit 3 Doll Pack. The ghouls show their school spirits. Draculaura and Cleo De Nile are ready to cheer in their fearleading uniforms. With a set of poms poms and a Skullete megaphone, they will have the crowd roaringliterally. Ghoulia Yelps will do her part, wearing a sporty outfit in the teams colours, pink and black, and waving her la… |
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Monster High Skull MP3 Player (2GB) $24.00 No ghoulish gal would be caught at Monster High without her trusty MP3 player! This model has 2 GB of storage, so it can play over 500 songs (50 hours of music). Comes with a set of comfy earbud headphones. Ages 7+ Built-In Rechargeable Lithium Battery USB Cable Included. System Requirements: Windows XP, Vista, or 7; Intel processor based Mac with Mac OS X 10.5 or higher; available USB port. Made … |
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Monster High Creeperific Charm – Cleo de Nile $3.85 Scary cool charms feature a picture of a Monster High student, pet charm, and a space for the girl to put her own photo. Attach to a cell phone, backpack, or purse. Scary cool and creeperific!… |
Mattel Bratz Case
Mattel Bratz Case
Barbie Continues the Fight
In childhood a lot of us had such toy as Barbie doll. During almost five decades Barbie was one of the most popular dolls in fashion doll market. And a lot of us will be surprised that today Barbie has a threat to lose her leading positions because of new dolls – Btatz. They were released in 2001 and gain popularity extremely fast.
As for Barbie it was represented to the general public in 1961. And since that time she experienced a lot of changes with stile, but the main idea is the same – she is one of the most fashionable dolls in the world till present time, because Bratz try to get this title. When they appeared on the market, it was a sensation, they impressed by their style, urban modern clothes.
But Barbie is not going to give up. She begins the fight, very serious fight. The company which is responsible for Barbie, Mattel, started to take measures in order to improve situation. Barbie’s proportions were slightly changes, her style and wardrobe also were changes and Mattel returned Ken, greatly improved. So, Barbie is going to prove one more time that she is the queen in the world of doll fashion, the only queen.
Barbie doesn’t have ideal reputation, because there are many claims that she is air head girl who thinks only about dresses. Maybe it is so, but from other side in this case jealousy is understandable. Barbie is perfect and there are a lot of people who hate perfect things. But in spite of such stereotypic opinions Barbie continues to be beautiful, fashionable, popular, independent and rich. Is it so bad?
One more achievement of Barbie is her appearance online. Today you can play with Barbie online, because there are a lot of Barbie games in the Internet.
About the Author
Conner Vaughan is a professional writer specialized in college essay writing. He has great experience in abstract thesis and argumentative essay writing. His works are in popular demand in the Internet.
When are second juries need in trial cases other than in appellate trials?
For example:
“The lawsuit stemmed not over dolls’ taste level, but dollar signs. Mattel says its competitor was not entitled to the hundreds of millions of dollars the Bratz line earned.
The latest ruling stemmed from a July jury decision that Bratz creator Carter Bryant came up with the design and name while working for Mattel under an exclusivity contract. A second jury awarded Mattel $10 million for copyright infringement and $90 million for breach of contract.”
A jury is never going to be a part of an appellate trial, since appeals are decided by a bench of appellate judges who hear arguments on only specific matters from the original trial. I think what you’re referring to is when the appellate court remands the case to the lower court, and the case is reheard (before a jury, say).
MATTEL vs MGAE
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Walt Disney Hannah Montana Secret Pop Star Messenger Bag and CD Case Set $27.99 Walt Disney Hannah Montana Secret Pop Star Messenger Bag and CD Case Set… |
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Barbie Girls MP3 Player – Gold $29.99 Looking for the perfect Barbie Girl? Be sure and check out our full selection of Barbie Girls and accessories at Amazon.com. The world seems a lot smaller these days thanks to connective technology such as MP3 players, cell phones, PDAs, the Internet, and more. So what better way for girls to go global than with this Barbie Girl device? Barbie has been at the forefront of trendsetting for nearly … |
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Barbie Doll Case $11.99 New design for 2006! Store your Barbie dolls, fashions or your own cool stuff in style! Unzip this fashionable case to reveal a large storage space with a pocket and elastic doll straps. Use the adjustable backpack straps to carry it anywhere you go!… |
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Teen Trends Kianna Doll $32.99 … |
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Toy Monster: The Big, Bad World of Mattel $3.40 Five Questions for Jerry Oppenheimer, author of Toy Monster: The Big, Bad World of Mattel Mattel is a beloved and iconic toy company – what first inspired you to write an expose of the “secret side” of the company? All of my previous books have been about iconic people and dynasties – The Kennedys, Clintons, Hiltons, Martha Stewart, Barbara Walters, Jerry S… |
Mattel Dog Tweets
Mattel Dog Tweets
Puppy Tweets by Mattel – ToyXplosion
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Puppy Tweets Blue $2.08 Find out what your dog is really up to with Mattel’s Puppy Tweets. This fun electronic device attaches to your dog’s collar and transmits tweets about her physical activity during the day. Barking, sleeping, and running all trigger humorous tweets corresponding to the activity, such as “I’ve got a new leash on life!” or “L’il help! Nose stuck in bird feeder!” This fun accessory is perfect for any … |
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Puppy Tweets Tag Pink $1.49 Puppy Tweets(TM) is an exciting new product for dog owners that lets your dog use Twitter! Here’s how it works. The Puppy Tweets(TM) tag is attached to your dog’s collar. As your puppy moves, barks, eats and plays throughout the day, motion activity is sensed by the tag and transmitted to the Puppy Tweets(TM) USB receiver on your home computer. Your dog’s activity triggers one of 500 humorous Twee… |
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Puppy Tweets Pink $4.75 Find out what your dog is really up to with Mattel’s Puppy Tweets. This fun electronic device attaches to your dog’s collar and transmits tweets about her physical activity during the day. Barking, sleeping, and running all trigger humorous tweets corresponding to the activity, such as “I’ve got a new leash on life!” or “L’il help! Nose stuck in bird feeder!” This fun accessory is perfect for any … |
